Female Reproduction Flashcards
what are the 3 sequential stages of sexual development?
chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex (anatomic sex)
what is the most common chromosomal sex abnormality in cattle? How does it happen?
Freemartin
when there are two or more sets of cells with different chromosomes (ie a male and a female) where a placental vascular anastomoses between the twin fetuses allow the mixing of hematopoietic cells in early gestation, this impedes the development of the female ovaries
what are two chromosomal sex abnormalities seen in human medicine? Briefly explain them both.
Turner’s syndrome - when there is only an X chromosome (XO)
Klinefelters syndrome - when there are two or more X chromosomes plus a Y (XXY)
what can happen if you incompletely spay a dog or cat?
ovarian remnant syndrome
what are the most common ovarian tumour in most domestic animals?
sex cord stromal cell tumours
lesions in the uterine tubes can result in distension of a uterine tube with clear fluid, what is this called?
hydrosalpinx
what are the two portals of entry for organisms to cause inflammation of the uterus? When do they typically occur?
Via the vulva (ascending infection) - typically occurs around the time of estrus, breeding or parturition (when the cervix is open).
Or hematogenously typically occur during pregnancy
what two periods is the uterus more susceptible to infection?
diestrus and pregnancy
what are the possible sequelae of uterine torsion?
circulatory compromise, fetal death (if present), edema, congestion, and necrosis
what uterine condition has only been described in dogs and involves the persistence of trophoblasts in the uterus beyond the normal 12 weeks following parturition? What are some of the gross lesions present?
Subinvolution of placental sites
Grossly - presence of annular bands of thickening and roughening of the uterine mucosa, corresponding to some or all of the placental sites
what is cystic endometrial hyperplasia and what species is it seen in?
if there is a source of irritation or inflammation in the uterus (like bacteria) the uterus undergoes hyperplasia like what would occur during pregnancy. It is an exaggerated or inappropriate response resulting in the formation of cysts within the hyperplastic glands
what causes hydrometra and mucometra?
due to obstruction of normal outflow or from increased secretory activity of the endometrial glands (endometrial hyperplasia) while the cervix is closed
what are three primary neoplasms of the uterus that were talked about?
- carcinoma
- Leiomyomas
- Lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
What is the cause of lymphoma in cows?
enzootic bovine leukosis is caused by bovine leukemia virus (retrovirus) that can affect the heart, abomasum, lymph nodes and uterus
What lesions does genital herpesvirus cause?
multifocal epithelial necrosis and erosive to ulcerative vulvitis and vaginitis
what species are vaginal polyps most common in?
Dogs
What is the most common neoplasm of the vulva? What species is it seen more in?
Squamous cell carcinoma
cows, ewes, and mares (probably because of more sunlight exposure
What causes cauliflower-like neoplasms on the external genitalia of dogs?
Canine transmissible venereal tumours
what is the definition of abortion?
the expulsion of a fetus prior to the completion pregnancy
what is the definition of stillbirth?
the delivery of a dead fetus after a full-term gestation, when a normal fetus would be capable of independent existence outside of the uterus
describe fetal mummification
when a dead fetus is retained in the uterus and becomes dehydrated. Implies the absence of bacteria as it would lead to lysis of the tissues, therefore the cervix had remained closed
describe fetal maceration
occurs when a dead fetus is retained in the uterus but undergoes softening because of the presence of bacteria that cause lysis of the tissues
in what species does the CL persist throughout the gestation and have a pre-determined lifespan?
Dogs and cats
in what species is the CL necessary throughout gestation, but their lifespan is not pre-determined?
Pigs and goats
in what species is the CL needed until mid-gestation and then the fetal-placental unit takes over and produces progesterone?
Ewes, mares, and cows
what are the 3 compartments in which disease in it can cause abortion?
the dam, the placenta or fetus
what are 5 viruses that can cause abortion in cats?
- feline herpesvirus
- feline immunodeficiency virus
- Feline infectious peritonitis
- feline leukemia virus
- feline panleukopenia virus (feline parvovirus)
what virus is associated with abortion and developmental defects such as cerebellar abiotrophy?
feline panleukopenia virus (feline parvovirus)
what bacteria are most commonly associated with abortions in cats? How does it enter?
E. coli, staphylococcus, and streptococcus
enters during breeding
what virus causes fetal death, delivery of mummified fetuses, and later term abortion in dogs? What is a pathognomic lesion seen with this virus?
Canine herpesvirus
Hemorrhage and necrosis of the kidneys
what bacteria is seen to cause abortion of dead and autolyzed fetuses in dogs?
Brucella canis
what acronym is used in association to the affects of of viruses on porcine reproduction?
S - stillbirth
M - mummification
E - embryonic
D - Death
I - infertility
what virus causes late term abortion, hemorrhage and edema as well a myocarditis in the aborted fetuses of pigs?
PRRS - porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome - an aterivirus
what virus of pigs causes fetal mummification, abortions, stillbirths, and weak newborn piglets?
Porcine circovirus-2
what virus of pigs can cause embryonic death with resorption, fetal mummification, small litters, and stair-step litters?
Porcine parvovirus
what is a stair-step litter?
a litter of variable sized, dead fetuses that are at different stages of resorption, which correlates with different stages of development at the time of in-utero death
what are two reportable diseases in pigs that are associated with early embryonic death, fetal mummification, abortion and stillbirths?
hog cholera/classical swine virus (pestivirus) and pseudorabies/Aujeszky’s disease (porcine herpesvirus-1)
what are two bacteria that pose a big threat to pigs associated with abortions?
Brucella suis and Leptospira
what virus of sheep can cause abortion, stillbirths, or the birth of lambs a neurologic abnormality in which there is hypomyelination of the spinal cord causing tremors to tonic-clonic contractions? What are these lambs called?
Border disease virus (pestivirus)
lambs are called hairy shakers
what is the most common cause of infectious abortions in sheep and goats? What is it also referred to as? What is the most reliable lesion found?
Chlamydophila abortus, aka enzootic abortion
Multifocal, localized, or generalized necrotic placentitis of cotyledons and intercotyledonary areas
what bacteria of sheep and goats can cause abortion and still birth and be transmitted by ticks or ingested?
Coxiella burnetii
What bacteria of sheep and goats can cause abortion storms and leaves target lesions on the liver of the aborted fetuses?
Campylobacter fetus
What zoonotic protozoa causes abortion in sheep and is transmitted by cats?
Toxoplasma gondii
infection of BVDV in pregnant cows between these days has what affects?
45-125 days
60-120 days
80-150 days
45-125 days - intrauterine growth retardation
60-120 days - PI calves
80-150 days - CNS, ocular, and other malformations
what virus of cattle can cause fetal death within 24 hours of infection and causes multifocal necrosis of most commonly the liver?
IBR (bovine herpesvirus-1)
