Female repro phys Flashcards
what hormone is highest in follicular phase
FSH is elevated, allows for stimulation of granulosa cells –> increases E2 which recruits a cohort of follicles
dominant follicle
the follicle that is most sensitive to FSH, secretes more E2 than the others
Estrogen from granulosa cells during follicular phase
is secreted in response to FSH mediated aromatase upregulation
Some goes to pit and inhibits GnRH
Some remains locally to act on granulosa cells to increase proliferation and sensitivity to FSH
*increase in E2, while decreasing FSH
E2 effects on cervix
increase thin watery, alkaline mucus to promote sperm transport
Progesterone effects on cervix
increases scant viscous, acidic mucus
what do steadily rising E2 levels indicate?
that ovulation has not occurred yet
metabolic changes to the follicle at the end of follicular phase
1) increased LH-R
2) Metabolic pathway shifts to favor P production
3) Decrease aromatase and decreased E2..
Corpus luteum
forms from granulosa cells+ thecal cells+ supportive cells
Sensitive to LH to produce P>E2
–> endometrium becomes secretory, mucus becomes thick, raises body temp
Stimulus for menstruation
LOW E2 and P
Low P and slowly rising E2 in urine
early follicular
Low P and rapidly rising E2 in urine
late follicular
Rising and elevated P in urine
early luteal
Dropping but elevated P in urine
late luteal
why is there no HTN during pregnancy?
CO increases, but TPR decreases (placenta is in parallel circuit)
Human placental lactogen (hPL) - general info
aka hCS
similar to GH and PRL
starts to rise at 3wks (increases in size inproportion to placenta)
hPL function
antagonizes insulin = diabetogenic
increases serum glucose availabile for fetus
increases lipolysis and proteolysis = increases AAs for fetus
mammary growth and development
*fasting in mother causes ketosis
where is progesterone made?
placenta
NEEDS maternal cholesterol
where is estriol made
in the placental, but it needs DHEA, which is made in the fetal adrenal/liver
why is oxytocin important during delivery?
it increases uterus to contract right after delivery which limits blood flow and therefore blood loss
also increases PGs (which increase contractions)
role of PGs during partuition
induce uterine contractions
levels are increased after a fetus dies in order to cause miscarriage
what happens to the adrenals during pregnancy
increased cort and ald
increased RAAS
increases maternal blood volume
what happens to pituitary during prenancy
lactotroph hyperplasia and hypertrophy (increases overall size)
LOWERS set-point for ADH release (i.e. released at a lower Osm to maintain high maternal blood volume)
changes to Thyroid during pregnancy
TSH decreases during first tri d/t hCG mediated stimulation of T3/T4
total T4 and T3 increase but TSH is normal
