Female Repro II

Question 1

The three histological layers of the uterus are the inner _______, middle ______, and outer ______. Which one is the thickest?

Answer 1

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium (or epimetrium)

myometrium

Question 2

Endometrium (surface epithelium, uterine glands, stroma, blood supply)

Answer 2

• simple columnar epithelium
• simple tubular glands lined by columnar secretory cells
• CT with ground substance, reticular fibers, many fibroblasts
• spiral arteries supply the functional layer
• straight arteries supply the basal layer (functional layer changes dramatically through menstrual cycle)

Question 3

Late menstrual endometrium has a thin/thick layer of stroma containing short/long glands and _____ surface epithelium

Answer 3

thin; short; no

short glands are often parallel with lumen

Question 4

Proliferative endometrium has a thin/thick layer of stroma covered by _____ surface epithelium and contains ____ glands with narrow/wide lumens

Answer 4

thick; simple columnar; long, straight; narrow

Question 5

Secretory phase endometrium has a thin/thick layer of stroma covered by _____ surface epithelium and contains ______ glands with narrow/wide lumens. The secretory product is ______.

Answer 5

thick; simple columnar; long, coiled glands; wide
(can see prominent spiral arteries)
glycogen and glycoprotein-rich secretions (nutrition source for conceptus)

Question 6

Cervical mucosa has a thin/thick stroma covered by _____ surface epithelium and contains _____ glands with narrow/wide lumens. The secretory product is _____.

Answer 6

thick; simple columnar; long, branched, non-coiled; wide; mucus (consistency is hormone dependent)

Question 7

The conceptus arrives in the uterus as a _____, composed of an outer layer _____ surrounding an inner cell mass _______.

Answer 7

blastocyst; trophoblast; embryoblast

Question 8

Implantation occurs when the _____ invades the surface epithelium and stroma. _____ in the endometrium provide access to maternal blood

Answer 8

trophoblast; vascular lacunae

Question 9

This is the name of the endometrium during pregnancy

Answer 9

Decidua
Decidual cells are modified stromal fibroblasts that are enlarged, polygon shaped, large euchromatic nuclei (active in protein synthesis)

Question 10

The _____ is the interface between maternal and fetal blood. The maternal component is a portion of the _____ and the embryonic component is the _____ (derived in part from trophoblast)

Answer 10

placenta; decidua (decidua basalis); chorion

Question 11

_______ occurs when endometrial tissue is trapped beneath the ovary tunica albuginea

Answer 11

chocolate cyst (named for the brown color of accumulated blood)

Question 12

The myometrium consists of ____ partially interwoven muscle layers. The smooth muscle cells undergo _____ and _____ during pregnancy, and the increase production of _____, strengthening the myometrium. The reverse happens after pregnancy (apoptosis, atrophy, proteolysis)

Answer 12

3; hyperplasia, hypertrophy; collagen

collagen proteolysis after pregnancy

Question 13

Uterine _____ (aka _____) are benign smooth muscle tumors in the myometrium that occurs in 1 out of every 4 women.

Answer 13

leiomyomas; fibroids

Question 14

Perimetrium is made up of _____ where exposed to the peritoneal cavity (continuous with the broad ligament) and _____ where not exposed. Both are made up of ______ and blood vessels.

Answer 14

serosa; adventitia; loose CT

Question 15

_____ result from occlusion of cervical glands. Secretory product and sloughed secretory cells accumulate in the ducts.

Answer 15

Nabothian cysts

Question 16

The cervical well is made of dense/loose CT with more/less smooth muscle than the myometrium. During pregnancy, collagen and elastin fibers rearrange for parturition.

Answer 16

Dense; less

Question 17

_____ is the protrusion of the cervix into the superior portion of the vagina. _____ is the junction between cervical ______ epithelium and vaginal _____ epithelium, and it is the most frequent origin of cervical carcinomas and where the _____ is performed.

Answer 17

External os; Transformation zone; simple columnar; stratified squamous; pap smear

Question 18

The vaginal mucosa has a _____ epithelium. Epithelial cells accumulate _____, which after desquamation into the lumen, it is released and fermented to ______ by resident _____ bacteria creating an acidic environment that inhibits infectious agents. The vaginal mucosa also has a well vascularized _____ rich in elastic fibers that continue into the muscular layer, made of _____ muscle fibers in 2 layers (inner circular, outer longitudinal). The adventitia is ______.

Answer 18

• stratified squamous
• glycogen
• lactic acid
• lactobacilli
• lamina propria (many lymphocytes and neutrophils here and in the epithelium)
• smooth
• elastic CT

Question 19

Nipple and areola are highly pigmented skin with long dermal _____. They have radial and circumferential _____ muscle fibers underlying the dermis allowing nipples to become ____. They contain these three kinds of glands.

Answer 19

papillae; smooth; erect

Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, glands of Montgomery (modified sweat glands)

Question 20

Breast _____ are the basic structural unit of the duct system. They contain _____ made up of secretory elements and the ____ ducts they drain in to, and ______ stroma: dense/loose CT

Answer 20

lobules; parenchyma; intralobular; intralobular; loose

Question 21

______ stroma separates the lobules and is made of dense/loose CT. Intralobular ducts drain into ______ ducts in this stroma

Answer 21

Interlobular; dense; interlobular

Question 22

Breast drainage starting with alveoli

Answer 22

Alveoli –> intralobular ducts –> interlobular ducts –> lactiferous duct –> lactiferous sinus –> nipple

(breast lobes contain a bunch of lobules that drain in to a single lactiferous duct and sinus)

Question 23

Parenchyma of the inactive adult breast lobules are mainly composed of ______. The duct epithelial cells are _____ epithelium. There are _____ cells between the duct epithelial cells and the basement membrane that have triangular or elongated nuclei and an eosinophilic rim of cytoplasm. There is little to no secretory component in inactive breast parenchyma

Answer 23

intralobular ducts; simple cuboidal; myopithelial

Question 24

The stroma of the inactive breast: intralobular stroma is _____ within lobules. Interlobular stroma between lobules is _____ with some adipocytes

Answer 24

loose CT; denser CT

Question 25

During pregnancy, breast duct epithelial cells proliferate to make ____ at interlobular duct ends. They become ____ lined by secretory cells with abundant associated myoepithelial cells. The amount of intralobular stroma noticeably increases/decreases relative to parenchyma.

Answer 25

end buds; alveoli; decreases

plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils infiltrate the intralobular stroma

Question 26

Secretory cell cytoplasm (of the duct cells of breasts during pregnancy) is eosiniphilic/basophilic, indicating preparation for protein production. Later fat droplets accumulate, appearing as poorly staining areas in the apical cytoplasm, and _____ appear on the apical surface.

Answer 26

basophilic; apical snouts

Question 27

Alveoli and ducts of lactating breasts are dilated/constricted with ____. Alveolar secretory cells are basophilic/eosinophilic (consistent with milk protein synthesis), and release lipid droplets through _____ secretion.

Answer 27

dilated; milk; basophilic; apocrine

Intralobular stroma is nearly obliterated by parenchyma; plasma cells in intralobular stroma produce IgAs –> transcytosed as mature sIgA and is secreted in breast milk

Question 28

Milk production is stimulated by ____, and contraction of myoepithelial cells, which drives milk expulsion is stimulated by ____.

Answer 28

prolactin; oxytocin

Question 29

During menopause, there is atrophy of the breast parenchyma. _____ disappear, and ____ persist. There is reduction of the stroma and loss of fibroblasts, collagen, and elastic fibers.

Answer 29

Alveoli; ducts

Question 30

Breast cancer most frequently arises form the _______

Answer 30

terminal duct lobular unit