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Repro-Endo > Female Repro Embryology > Flashcards

Female Repro Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the male duct?

A

Wolffian / mesonephric.

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2
Q

What’s the female duct?

A

Mullerian / paramesonephric.

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3
Q

Up to what point are male and female internal ductwork similar?

A

7 weeks.

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4
Q

4 factors that males need to be male?

A

1) Testis-determining factor (TDF)
2) Mullerian Inhibiting Factor
3) Testosterone
4) Dihydrotestosterone

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5
Q

What factors to females need to be female?

A

Estrogen and Wnt4

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6
Q

Name 3 major structures formed from the Mullerian duct?

A

1) Oviducts
2) Uterus
3) Upper part of the vagina.

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7
Q

From which germ layer do the mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts arise?

A

Intermediate mesoderm.

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8
Q

What does the mesonephric duct do when it’s first formed?

A

Associates with glomeruli… guides formation of uriniferous tubules.

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9
Q

Which develops first: Mesonephric or paramesonephric ducts?

A

Mesonephric ducts appear first.

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10
Q

Are primordial germ cells (PGCs) born in the genital ridge? Where do they come from?

A

No, the PGCs must migrate to the genital ridge from their origin in the wall of the yolk sac.

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11
Q

What happens to the yolk sac?

A

It gets incorporated into the gut tube…

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12
Q

What does the arrival of the PGCs in the genital ridge stimulate?

A

Arrival of the PGCs stimulates the formation of sex cords–> the support cells of the gonads

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13
Q

What gene governs sex-based differences in supporting cells of the sex cords? What does it encode?

A

SRY (located on the Y chromosome) - encodes TDF.

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14
Q

The development of which cells is first induced by TDF from PGCs? What is the first action of those cells?

A

Sertoli cells. Their first action is to inhibit spermatogenesis in utero?

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15
Q

What endocrine cells to Sertoli cells induce? What do those cells make?

A

Leydig cells, which make testosterone.

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16
Q

How is female differentiation turned off in males? What cells do this?

A

Mullerian inhibiting factor (aka anti-Mullerian hormone) made by Sertoli cells -> causes Mullerian duct degeneration.

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17
Q

What must testosterone be converted to have an effect on external reproductive structures?

A

DHT (the Leydig cells are responsible for turning testosterone into DHT)

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18
Q

What supporting cells are induced by PGCs in females?

A

granulosa / follicular cells

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19
Q

Endocrine cells induced by follicular / granulosa cells? What do they make?

A

Theca cells, which make estrogen.

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20
Q

Review: In what phase of Meisosis are primary germ cells in females arrested?

A

Primary oocytes are arrested in Prophase of Meiosis I.

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21
Q

In what way are male and female sex cords in different locations? Why is this important?

A

Male: Medullary, more in the interior.
Female: Supporting cells are more cortical.
Males are more interior because they lead to ducts that are continuous with the outside world (via the mesonephric duct).

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22
Q

What drives the paramesonephric ducts to partially fuse?

A

Estrogen made by theca cells (which were induced by follicular cells induced by PGCs).

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23
Q

3 structures that result from partial fusion of the paramesonephric ducts inferiorly?

A

Uteus, cervix, and upper vagina. (note that the Fallopian tubes are from the unfused parts of the ducts).

24
Q

From what germ cell layer originates the epithelium of the lower 1/2 - 2/3 of the vagina?

A

Epithelium there is derived from endoderm.

25
Q

What embryological structure gives rise to the bladder and urethra?

A

The urogenital sinus - derived from endoderm.

26
Q

The bladder, urethra, lower vagina, vestibule, and gut lining all come from…

A

endoderm

27
Q

What structure is formed when the paramesoneprhic tubules bring together a peritoneal fold and fuse and all that stuff? What two areas does this define?

A

The broad ligament of the uterus.

This creates the rectouterine and vesicouterine pouches.

28
Q

What prevents the gubernaculum from drawing the ovary down through the inguinal canal?

A

Paramesonephric duct fusion blocks the path.

29
Q

What ligament is at the base of the uterus / cervix? What courses through it?

A

The cardinal ligament. The uterine artery and vein course through it.

30
Q

Anatomy review: What’s the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity in women?

A

The rectouterine pouch.

31
Q

Where does the uterine artery reach the uterus, roughly?

A

In its inferior aspect (running through the broad ligament).

32
Q

What happens if fusion of the paramesonephric ducts goes awry?

A

Can get one-horned, double-horned, indented, etc. etc. uteri / vaginas.

33
Q

What does estrogen do to the urogenital folds?

A

Causes them to become labia minora.

34
Q

What does estrogen do to the labioscrotal bulges?

A

Causes them to become labia majora.

35
Q

What are the 3 original, indeterminate genital structures?

A

1) Glans area.
2) Genital swelling.
3) Urogenital fold.

36
Q

Review: In what stage of meiosis is the ovulated secondary oocyte arrested?

A

Metaphase of meiosis II.

37
Q

What drives the paramesonephric ducts to partially fuse?

A

Estrogen made by theca cells (which were induced by follicular cells induced by PGCs).

38
Q

3 structures that result from partial fusion of the paramesonephric ducts inferiorly?

A

Uterus, cervix, and upper vagina. (note that the Fallopian tubes are from the unfused parts of the ducts).

39
Q

From what germ cell layer originates the epithelium of the lower 1/2 - 2/3 of the vagina?

A

Epithelium there is derived from endoderm (comes from the sinovaginal bulb that elongates and forms lower part of vagina)

40
Q

What embryological structure gives rise to the bladder and urethra?

A

The urogenital sinus - derived from endoderm.

41
Q

The bladder, urethra, lower vagina, vestibule, and gut lining all come from…

A

Endoderm of the urogenital sinus

42
Q

What structure is formed when the paramesoneprhic tubules bring together a peritoneal fold and fuse and all that stuff? What two areas does this define?

A

The broad ligament of the uterus.

This creates the rectouterine and vesicouterine pouches.

43
Q

What prevents the gubernaculum from drawing the ovary down through the inguinal canal?

A

Paramesonephric duct fusion blocks the path.

44
Q

What ligament is at the base of the uterus / cervix? What courses through it?

A

The cardinal ligament. The uterine artery and vein course through it.

45
Q

Anatomy review: What’s the deepest part of the peritoneal cavity in women?

A

The rectouterine pouch.

46
Q

Where does the uterine artery reach the uterus, roughly?

A

In its inferior aspect (running through the broad ligament).

47
Q

What happens if fusion of the paramesonephric ducts goes awry?

A

Can get one-horned, double-horned, indented, etc. etc. uteri / vaginas.

48
Q

What does estrogen do to the urogenital folds?

A

Causes them to become labia minora.

49
Q

What does estrogen do to the labioscrotal bulges?

A

Causes them to become labia majora.

50
Q

What are the 3 original, indeterminate genital structures?

A

1) Glans area.
2) Genital swelling.
3) Urogenital fold.

51
Q

Review: In what stage of meiosis is the ovulated secondary oocyte arrested?

A

Metaphase of meiosis II.

52
Q

In what way are male and female sex cords in different locations? Why is this important?

A

Male: Medullary, more in the interior.
Female: Supporting cells are more cortical.
Males are more interior because they lead to ducts that are continuous with the outside world (via the mesonephric duct).

53
Q

What 2 things do the mesonephric ducts induce in BOTH genders? What germ layer do they come from?

A

1) Kidneys
2) Ureters

Both derived from mesoderm

54
Q

Coelomic epithelium becomes what in the female? In the male?

A

Becomes the SUPPORT CELLS
In female: becomes Granulosa cells
In male: becomes Sertoli cells

55
Q

Mesodermal stromal cells become what in the female? In the male?

A

Becomes ANDROGEN PRODUCING CELLS
In female: Theca cells
In male: Leydig cells

Repro-Endo (60 decks)

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