Female Repro Flashcards
primordial ____ _____ arise from embryonic ____ _____ and migrate to developing _____
primordial germ cells arise from embryonic yolk sac and migrate to developing gonad
mitosis of primordial germ cells form ____
_____ transforms to _____
mitosis of primordial germ cells form oogonia
oogonia transforms to primary oocyte
all ____ ____ are formed before birth and are arrested at _____ until _____
all primary oocytes are formed before birth and are arrested at prophase of meiosis I until puberty
describe a primordial follicle
oocyte is surrounded by a ________
the oocyte is called primary oocyte and is arrested in ______
- contains primary oocytes
- most numerous of the follicles in the cortex
- oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
- the oocyte is called primary oocyte and is arrested in prophase of meiosis I
identify slide
epi surrounding it?
what stage is primary oocyte at?
primordial follicles
simple squamous
prophase I
describe a primary follicle
filopodia of _____ and microvilli of _____ establish contacct through ______
- follicular cells enlarge and form a single layer of cuboidal cells around the oocyte (unimlaminar)
- a layer of glycoprotein (zona pellucida) is secreted around the oocyte
- filopodia of follicular cells and microvilli of oocyte establish contact through gap junctions
describe a multilaminar primary follicle
what are the 2 zones?
- mitotic division of follicular cells results in many layers of granulosa cells
- contains receptors for FSH and secrete aromatase, an enzyme that converts androstenedione to estrogen
- connective tissue outside form 2 distinct zones:
-
theca interna: close to basement membrane (have receptors for LH)
- produce androstenedione (estrogen precursor)
- theca externa: continuous with stroma
-
theca interna: close to basement membrane (have receptors for LH)
primary follicle, unilaminar
primary follicle, unilaminar
multilaminar cell
describe secondary follicle
- appearance of antrum (fluid filled cavity with liquor folliculi, which contains hormone-rich fluid secreted by granulosa cells)
- oocyte is surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells
- corona radiata: 1-2 layers of granulosa cells around oocyte
- cumulus oophorus: oocyte rests on a small hill of granulosa cells
- secretes oocyte maturation inhibitor to prevent further enlargement
describe Graafian follicle
- continued maturation and enlargement of secondary follicle, and becomes Graafian follicle (mature follicle)
- thickness of granulosa cells decrease
- single large antrum
describe ovulation
surge of ______
just prior to ovulation, primary oocytes complete ________ and become ______ and release _____ (contained within ______)
secondary oocyte enters ______ and is arrested _____ (continues if ______)
the secondary oocyte and surrounding _____ are ______ of ovary at ovulation
- surge of LH
- just prior to ovulation, primary oocytes complete first meiotic division and become secondary oocyte and releases first polar body (contained within the most mature Graafian follicle)
- secondary oocyte enters meiosis II and is arrested metaphase (continues if fertilized)
- the secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells (corona radiata) are released from surface of ovary at ovulation
describe the corpus luteum
- following ovulation, granulosa cells and theca interna cells of the Graafian follicle now rearrange to form the corpus luteum
- if released ovum is fertilized, it becomes corpus luteum of pregnancy (it functions for 4-5 months of pregnancy for maintenance of endometrium)
- in absence of fertilization, it becomes corpus luteum of menstruation
- CL produce progesterone and inhibit pituitary LH and FSH preventing development and ovulation of other follicles
describe the cells within the corpus luteum
- granulosa lutein cells
- large, round cells with central nucleus
- secrete progesterone
- theca lutein cells
- theca interna cells retain their linear characteristics
- interspersed between the granulosa lutein cells
- secrete progesterone and androgens
describe image
- corpus albicans:
- the regressed form of the corpus luteum. As the corpus luteum is being broken down by macrophages, fibroblasts lay down type I collagen, forming the corpus albicans.
- leaves white scar in ovary
- the regressed form of the corpus luteum. As the corpus luteum is being broken down by macrophages, fibroblasts lay down type I collagen, forming the corpus albicans.
describe the 2 cells of the fallopian tubes/oviduct
- ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells: most numerous at infundibulum (fimbria) and ampulla
- the ciliated cells keep the fluids secreted by the peg cells in motion and help move the oocyte
- secretory cells (aka peg cells): nonciliated and wedged in between the ciliated cells
- secrete nutritive material for ovum
describe the myometrium
- interlacing bands of smooth muscle fibers that contract under the influence of oxytocin at birth
- undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy
- collagen is produced during pregnancy and is degraded by enzmyes
describe the endometrium and the 2 layers and their blood supply
- function region: changes dramatically during the course of each cycle; lost if pregnancy does not occur (menstrual debris)
- supplied by the spiral arteries
- basal region: close to the myometrium and is retained during menstruation
- provide the stem cells for the functional region for the next cycle
- supplied by the straight arteries
describe the proliferative phase
- proliferative phase aka follicular phase aka estrogen phase
- this phase follows menstruation
- lasts from day 5 to 14 of the cycle
- under influence of ovarian estrogen, glands proliferate from stratum basale
- stroma also proliferates and eventually endometrium thickens
- epithelial cells of the glands accumulate glycogen
describe the secretory phase
- secretory phase aka luteal phase aka progesterone phase
- starts after ovulation
- spiral artery and glands continue development under influence of progesterone
- glands become elongated, coiled and dilated
- endometrium attains greatest height
describe the 2 phases of secretory phase
- early secretory phase:
- glands are slightly elongated and coiled
- late secretory phase:
- glands are elongated, coiled and dilated with a saw-toothed appearance
contrast the 2 images
image 1 = early secretory
image 2= late secretory
describe the menstrual phase of endometrium
- spiral arteries thrive under progesterone influence
- withdrawal of progesterone around day 28 causes ischemia and necrosis
- functional layer sheds -> menstruation
- basal region/straight arteries remains intact
contrast the endocervix and ectocervix
-
endocervix: mucous membrane lining the cervical canal
- lined by simple columnar epi
- ducts from glands can become occluded and create Nabothian cysts
-
ectocervix: cervix extending into the vagina
- lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epi.
describe the transformation zone
- squamo-columnar junction in the cervix where pap smears are done
- all precancerous cervical lesions develop from here
describe the vagina during the follicular phase
- during follicular phase of menstrual cycle, the epithelial cells of the vagina store glycogen
- glycogen is released during shedding of cells
- glycogen is converted by lactobacillus acidophillus (normal resident) into lactic acid to create an acidic pH
- this prevents growth of foreign pathogens
- antibiotics can kill this bacteria causing vaginal infxns
describe the function of the placenta and what it produces in early stages
- exchange of gases, nutrients, waste between fetus + mother
- early stages it proudces hCG
- 2 components:
- fetal component
- maternal component
describe the 2 components of the placenta
- maternal part: decidual basali of the endometrium
- fetal portion: close to amnion and lined by simple squamous cells
- anchoring villi arise from the chorionic plate and extend to the uterine wall and attach to the decidua basalis
describe the tertiary chorionic villus
- outer synctiotrophoblast layer of basophilic cells that secrete hCG
- inner layer = inner cytotrophoblast
- basal lamina separates the epithelium from loose CT core (mesoderm)
tertiary chorionic villi
- outer arrow = synctiotrophoblast that secrete hCG
- inner arrow = inner cytotrophoblast
describe inactive mammary glands
- ducts are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
- within ducts is loose CT since cells > fibers
- in between lobules is dense irregular CT (since fibers >cells)
inactive mammary gland
interlobular CT = dense irregular (fiber > cells)
interlobar CT = loose (cells > fiber)
describe influence of prolactin on mammary glands
- prolactin induces alveolar cells to secrete into the alveoli:
- lipids (secreted in apocrine fashion)
- proteins (secreted in merocrine fashion)
- antibodies (IgA)
describe myoepithelial cells
- oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells to contract upon suckling
- contractions of the myoepithelial cells force milk from the alveoli into the duct system
describe the cells
