Female Repro Flashcards
1
Q
primordial ____ _____ arise from embryonic ____ _____ and migrate to developing _____
A
primordial germ cells arise from embryonic yolk sac and migrate to developing gonad
2
Q
mitosis of primordial germ cells form ____
_____ transforms to _____
A
mitosis of primordial germ cells form oogonia
oogonia transforms to primary oocyte
3
Q
all ____ ____ are formed before birth and are arrested at _____ until _____
A
all primary oocytes are formed before birth and are arrested at prophase of meiosis I until puberty
4
Q
describe a primordial follicle
oocyte is surrounded by a ________
the oocyte is called primary oocyte and is arrested in ______
A
- contains primary oocytes
- most numerous of the follicles in the cortex
- oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
- the oocyte is called primary oocyte and is arrested in prophase of meiosis I
5
Q
identify slide
epi surrounding it?
what stage is primary oocyte at?
A
primordial follicles
simple squamous
prophase I
6
Q
describe a primary follicle
filopodia of _____ and microvilli of _____ establish contacct through ______
A
- follicular cells enlarge and form a single layer of cuboidal cells around the oocyte (unimlaminar)
- a layer of glycoprotein (zona pellucida) is secreted around the oocyte
- filopodia of follicular cells and microvilli of oocyte establish contact through gap junctions
7
Q
describe a multilaminar primary follicle
what are the 2 zones?
A
- mitotic division of follicular cells results in many layers of granulosa cells
- contains receptors for FSH and secrete aromatase, an enzyme that converts androstenedione to estrogen
- connective tissue outside form 2 distinct zones:
-
theca interna: close to basement membrane (have receptors for LH)
- produce androstenedione (estrogen precursor)
- theca externa: continuous with stroma
-
theca interna: close to basement membrane (have receptors for LH)
8
Q
A
primary follicle, unilaminar
9
Q
A
primary follicle, unilaminar
10
Q
A
multilaminar cell
11
Q
describe secondary follicle
A
- appearance of antrum (fluid filled cavity with liquor folliculi, which contains hormone-rich fluid secreted by granulosa cells)
- oocyte is surrounded by several layers of granulosa cells
- corona radiata: 1-2 layers of granulosa cells around oocyte
- cumulus oophorus: oocyte rests on a small hill of granulosa cells
- secretes oocyte maturation inhibitor to prevent further enlargement
12
Q
A
13
Q
describe Graafian follicle
A
- continued maturation and enlargement of secondary follicle, and becomes Graafian follicle (mature follicle)
- thickness of granulosa cells decrease
- single large antrum
14
Q
A
15
Q
describe ovulation
surge of ______
just prior to ovulation, primary oocytes complete ________ and become ______ and release _____ (contained within ______)
secondary oocyte enters ______ and is arrested _____ (continues if ______)
the secondary oocyte and surrounding _____ are ______ of ovary at ovulation
A
- surge of LH
- just prior to ovulation, primary oocytes complete first meiotic division and become secondary oocyte and releases first polar body (contained within the most mature Graafian follicle)
- secondary oocyte enters meiosis II and is arrested metaphase (continues if fertilized)
- the secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells (corona radiata) are released from surface of ovary at ovulation
16
Q
describe the corpus luteum
A
- following ovulation, granulosa cells and theca interna cells of the Graafian follicle now rearrange to form the corpus luteum
- if released ovum is fertilized, it becomes corpus luteum of pregnancy (it functions for 4-5 months of pregnancy for maintenance of endometrium)
- in absence of fertilization, it becomes corpus luteum of menstruation
- CL produce progesterone and inhibit pituitary LH and FSH preventing development and ovulation of other follicles
17
Q
A
18
Q
A
19
Q
describe the cells within the corpus luteum
A
- granulosa lutein cells
- large, round cells with central nucleus
- secrete progesterone
- theca lutein cells
- theca interna cells retain their linear characteristics
- interspersed between the granulosa lutein cells
- secrete progesterone and androgens
20
Q
describe image
A
- corpus albicans:
- the regressed form of the corpus luteum. As the corpus luteum is being broken down by macrophages, fibroblasts lay down type I collagen, forming the corpus albicans.
- leaves white scar in ovary
- the regressed form of the corpus luteum. As the corpus luteum is being broken down by macrophages, fibroblasts lay down type I collagen, forming the corpus albicans.
21
Q
describe the 2 cells of the fallopian tubes/oviduct
A
- ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells: most numerous at infundibulum (fimbria) and ampulla
- the ciliated cells keep the fluids secreted by the peg cells in motion and help move the oocyte
- secretory cells (aka peg cells): nonciliated and wedged in between the ciliated cells
- secrete nutritive material for ovum
22
Q
A
23
Q
describe the myometrium
A
- interlacing bands of smooth muscle fibers that contract under the influence of oxytocin at birth
- undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy during pregnancy
- collagen is produced during pregnancy and is degraded by enzmyes
24
Q
describe the endometrium and the 2 layers and their blood supply
A
- function region: changes dramatically during the course of each cycle; lost if pregnancy does not occur (menstrual debris)
- supplied by the spiral arteries
- basal region: close to the myometrium and is retained during menstruation
- provide the stem cells for the functional region for the next cycle
- supplied by the straight arteries
25
describe the proliferative phase
* proliferative phase aka follicular phase aka estrogen phase
* this phase follows menstruation
* lasts from day 5 to 14 of the cycle
* **under influence of ovarian estrogen, glands proliferate from stratum basale**
* stroma also proliferates and eventually endometrium thickens
* epithelial cells of the glands accumulate glycogen
26
describe the secretory phase
* secretory phase aka luteal phase aka progesterone phase
* starts after ovulation
* spiral artery and glands continue development under influence of **progesterone**
* glands become elongated, coiled and dilated
* endometrium attains greatest height
27
describe the 2 phases of secretory phase
* early secretory phase:
* glands are slightly elongated and coiled
* late secretory phase:
* glands are elongated, coiled and dilated with a **saw-toothed appearance**
28
29
contrast the 2 images
image 1 = early secretory
image 2= late secretory
30
describe the menstrual phase of endometrium
* spiral arteries thrive under **progesterone influence**
* withdrawal of progesterone around day 28 causes ischemia and necrosis
* functional layer sheds -\> menstruation
* basal region/straight arteries remains intact
31
contrast the endocervix and ectocervix
* **endocervix**: mucous membrane lining the cervical canal
* lined by simple columnar epi
* ducts from glands can become occluded and create *_Nabothian cysts_*
* **ectocervix**: cervix extending into the vagina
* lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epi.
32
describe the transformation zone
* squamo-columnar junction in the cervix *_where pap smears are done_*
* **all precancerous cervical lesions develop from here**
33
34
describe the vagina during the follicular phase
* during follicular phase of menstrual cycle, the epithelial cells of the vagina store glycogen
* glycogen is released during shedding of cells
* glycogen is converted by lactobacillus acidophillus (normal resident) into lactic acid to create an acidic pH
* this prevents growth of foreign pathogens
* antibiotics can kill this bacteria causing vaginal infxns
35
describe the function of the placenta and what it produces in early stages
* exchange of gases, nutrients, waste between fetus + mother
* early stages it proudces hCG
* 2 components:
* fetal component
* maternal component
36
describe the 2 components of the placenta
* maternal part: decidual basali of the endometrium
* fetal portion: close to amnion and lined by simple squamous cells
* anchoring villi arise from the chorionic plate and extend to the uterine wall and attach to the decidua basalis
37
describe the tertiary chorionic villus
* outer synctiotrophoblast layer of basophilic cells that secrete hCG
* inner layer = inner cytotrophoblast
* basal lamina separates the epithelium from loose CT core (mesoderm)
38
tertiary chorionic villi
* outer arrow = synctiotrophoblast that secrete hCG
* inner arrow = inner cytotrophoblast
39
describe inactive mammary glands
* ducts are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium
* within ducts is loose CT since cells \> fibers
* in between lobules is dense irregular CT (since fibers \>cells)
40
inactive mammary gland
interlobular CT = dense irregular (fiber \> cells)
interlobar CT = loose (cells \> fiber)
41
describe influence of prolactin on mammary glands
* prolactin induces alveolar cells to secrete into the alveoli:
* lipids (secreted in apocrine fashion)
* proteins (secreted in merocrine fashion)
* antibodies (IgA)
42
describe myoepithelial cells
* oxytocin stimulates myoepithelial cells to contract upon suckling
* contractions of the myoepithelial cells force milk from the alveoli into the duct system
43
describe the cells
44
