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FF2 Exam 2 > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Define estrus

A

Fertile window where mating can lead to pregnancy

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2
Q

What is the post fertile phase where progesterone is highest? hint: it is the longest phase

A

Diestrus

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3
Q

Define Proestrus

A

Initial phase that is marked by vulva bleeding and swelling

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4
Q

What is the prolonged period of sexual inactivity?

A

Anestrus

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5
Q

Which hormone surges before ovulation?

A

LH

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6
Q

Follicular maturation occurs during which phase?

A

Proestrus

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7
Q

During which phase does the CL start to develop?

A

Metestrus

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8
Q

What releases GnRH?

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

The anterior pituitary is also called:

A

Adenohyphosis

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10
Q

Where does GnRH bind to?

A

GnRH receptors in the AP

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11
Q

What specifically secretes FSH and LH?

A

Basophils

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12
Q

Which hormone regulates the onset of puberty, sexual development and ovulatory cycle?

A

GnRH

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13
Q

Which hormone stimulates follicular development ?

A

FSH

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14
Q

FSH stimulates which specific cells in the ovary ?

A

Granulosa cells

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15
Q

What do granulosa cells synthesize that converts androgens to E2?

A

Aromatase

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16
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates theca cells to make androgens

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17
Q

What promotes positive feedback for LH?

A

Estrogen shutting off

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18
Q

What inhibits LH?

A

Estrogen

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19
Q

What is secreted by granulosa cells?

A

E2

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20
Q

What stimulates the secretion of LH ?

A

GnRH as a result of E2 from the dominant follicle

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21
Q

What is the function of P4?

A

Prepare endometrium for implantation embryo nourishment

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22
Q

What does P4 inhibit during pregnancy?

A

Lactation and decreases uterine contractions

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23
Q

If there is no pregnancy, what happens to P4 levels?

A

Drop

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24
Q

What cause an increase in P4 secretion by the CL/

A

LH surge

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25
Q

What hormones can P4 inhibit?

A

LH, FSH, GnRH

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26
Q

AMH is produced bu which cells in the ovary?

A

Granulosa

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27
Q

When does AMH secretion lower?

A

When selection of the dominant follicle occurs

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28
Q

How can you check for ovary remains?

A

By checking AMH levels/presence

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29
Q

Which part of the ovary contains the follicles?

A

Cortex

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30
Q

Loose connective tissue is a characteristic of which part of the ovary?

A

Medulla

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31
Q

Cellular CT is a characteristic of which part of the ovary?

A

Cortex

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32
Q

What type of epithelium covers the ovary?

A

Germinal epithelium

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33
Q

Describe the germinal epithelium

A

Simple cuboidal

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34
Q

What lies between the germinal epithelium and the cortex?

A

Tunica albuginea

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35
Q

Describe the function of the ovary

A

Gamete and steroid hormone production

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36
Q

What is the Tunica albuginea made of?

A

Dense CT

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37
Q

What 2 things make up the cortex?

A

Stroma and parenchyma

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38
Q

Which part of the cortex is the functional part (i.e. where the follicles reside?

A

Parenchyma

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39
Q

Describe the cells in the stroma

A

Spindle shaped with elongated nucleus

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40
Q

Stroma is considered _____________ (supportive or functional)

A

Supportive

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41
Q

What are the 3 ovarian follicles that can be identified on their developmental stage?

A
  • Primordial
  • Growing (primary and Antral)
  • Mature (Graafian)
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42
Q

What is the oocyte surrounded by a simple layer of squamous cells called? They are found in the stroma

A

Primordial follicle

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43
Q

In which stage does the zona pellucida begins to form?

A

Primary follicle

44
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

A
  • secrete glycoproteins
  • Spermatozoa-binding receptor and inducer of acrosome reaction
45
Q

After follicular cells proliferate and stratify, they are called:

A

Granulosa cells

46
Q

What is a layer found in late primary follicles?

A

Stratum granulosum

47
Q

A secondary follicle has what specific structure?

A

Antrum

48
Q

What cell is formed during the Antral stage of the follicle?

A

Theca Interna

49
Q

Stroma cells outside theca interna organize as what around the follicle?

A

Theca externa

50
Q

What is the function of the theca interna?

A

-Produce androgens that are converted into estrogen

51
Q

What stimulates theca interna cells to produce androgens?

A

LH

52
Q

What stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells to produce more estrogen?

A

FSH

53
Q

What is avascular during follicular growth?

A

Granulosa layer

54
Q

When the antrum enlarges and becomes horseshoe shaped, that is the follicle called?

A

Mature Secondary or Graafian

55
Q

What cells send penetrating microvilli throughout the zona pellucida to communicate with the microvilli of the oocyte?

A

Corona radiata cells

56
Q

What happens to follicles that do not reach full maturity and ovulate?

A

Undergo atresia

57
Q

What is it called when the mature follicle fills cortex and bulges on the surface for release of the oocyte?

A

Ovulation

58
Q

During ovulation, the oocyte completes its first meiosis division and forms what?

A

Polar body

59
Q

What is created when the oocyte and follicular fluid leave the follicle?

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

60
Q

After the follicle collapses, what does it convert to?

A

Corpus luteum

61
Q

What cells enlarge in a CL and acquire a Yellow pigment?

A

Theca interna (theca lutein)

62
Q

Do the theca lutein cells secrete androgen?

A

Yes

63
Q

What initiates heat?

A

Loss of estrogen and progesterone (the lysis of the CL)

64
Q

What is the white scar the CL converts into?

A

Corpus albicans

65
Q

What is the evidence that a follicle was once in the ovary?

A

Glassy membrane (granulosa cells basal lamina)

66
Q

True or False: the follicle growth within the ovary prior to FSH release is externally mediated

A

False, it is internally mediated

67
Q

Which hormone plays a key role in follicle dominance?

A

Estrogen

68
Q

How is estrogen involved in follicle dominance?

A

Enhances FSH action on granulosa cells

69
Q

The ovary is quiescent and can have 2 CLs during which phase?

A

Anestrus

70
Q

Describe the ovary during Proestrus

A

Increase in follicular development and large Antral follicles present

71
Q

Describe the ovary during estrus

A

Presence of preovulatory follicles with Luteinization of granulosa cells

72
Q

During which phase will you see a new CL?

A

Diestrus

73
Q

List the 3 layers of the uterine wall

A

-Endometrium
- Myomentrium
- Perimetrium

74
Q

Which layer of the uterus increases in thickness during pregnancy?

A

Myometrium

75
Q

What structure of the endometrium sloughs off in the menstrual phase ?

A

Stratum functional

76
Q

Which artery supplies the blood supply of the endometrium?

A

Uterine a.

77
Q

Uterine glands arfe lined by which epithelium?

A

Simple columnar

78
Q

What lubricates with mucus the vagina?

A

Cervical Glands

79
Q

During Proestrus, what invades the uterus leading to inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

80
Q

What attaches the ovary to the dorsal wall?

A

Suspensory ligament

81
Q

Where is the fertilization site?

A

Uterine tube

82
Q

What is the funnel with finger-like projections called?

A

Infundibulum

83
Q

What connect the ovary to the uterine horn?

A

Proper ligament of the ovary

84
Q

What is the orifice of their UB in the vestibule called and what other structure is dorsal to it?

A

External urethral orifice with the urethral tubercle dorsal

85
Q

Craneal and caudal to the cervix are the?

A

Internal and external uterine Ostia

86
Q

What is the opening into the vestibule called?

A

Rema pudendi

87
Q

What are the limits of the vagina?

A

From the external uterine Ostia to before the urethra empties

88
Q

What lines the rema pudendi?

A

The vulva

89
Q

What is the copulatory organ of the female?

A

Clitoris

90
Q

Where does early development of the embryo take place?

A

Uterine tube

91
Q

Where does implantation and later development of the embryo occur?

A

Uterine horn

92
Q

What is the ligament covering the uterine tube called?

A

Mesosalpynx

93
Q

What covers the uterine horns and body?

A

Mesometrium

94
Q

What is the covering of the complete reproductive tract called? I.e, mesovarium, metrium, and salpynx

A

Broad ligament

95
Q

What can go through the inguinal canal ?

A

Free edge of the mesometrium

96
Q

What are the dorsal and ventral limits of the rima pudendi called?

A

Ventral and dorsal commissure

97
Q

What holds the uterus to the wall?

A

Round ligament

98
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the UB?

A

Hypogastric n

99
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation?

A

Pelvic n

100
Q

What are the 2 causes of anestrus?

A

Physiological (seasonal, pregnancy,lactation) or pathological (disease)

101
Q

List the spontaneous ovulation species

A
  • sow
  • ewe
  • mouse
  • cow
  • dog
102
Q

List induced ovulation species

A
  • dromadery
  • rabbit
  • rhino
103
Q

What are the 3 types of reproductive cyclicity?

A

Polyestrus, Seasonal polyestrus, Monoestrus

104
Q

Bovine, porcine and camelids are in what type of cycle?

A

Polyestrus

105
Q

List seasonal polyestrus species

A

Equine (long-day) and small ruminants (short day)

106
Q

Give an example of a monoestrus species

A

Dogs, wolf, foxes, bears

107
Q

Another name for neurohyphysis:

A

Posterior pituitary

FF2 Exam 2 (9 decks)

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