Female Repro Flashcards
Define estrus
Fertile window where mating can lead to pregnancy
What is the post fertile phase where progesterone is highest? hint: it is the longest phase
Diestrus
Define Proestrus
Initial phase that is marked by vulva bleeding and swelling
What is the prolonged period of sexual inactivity?
Anestrus
Which hormone surges before ovulation?
LH
Follicular maturation occurs during which phase?
Proestrus
During which phase does the CL start to develop?
Metestrus
What releases GnRH?
Hypothalamus
The anterior pituitary is also called:
Adenohyphosis
Where does GnRH bind to?
GnRH receptors in the AP
What specifically secretes FSH and LH?
Basophils
Which hormone regulates the onset of puberty, sexual development and ovulatory cycle?
GnRH
Which hormone stimulates follicular development ?
FSH
FSH stimulates which specific cells in the ovary ?
Granulosa cells
What do granulosa cells synthesize that converts androgens to E2?
Aromatase
What does LH do?
Stimulates theca cells to make androgens
What promotes positive feedback for LH?
Estrogen shutting off
What inhibits LH?
Estrogen
What is secreted by granulosa cells?
E2
What stimulates the secretion of LH ?
GnRH as a result of E2 from the dominant follicle
What is the function of P4?
Prepare endometrium for implantation embryo nourishment
What does P4 inhibit during pregnancy?
Lactation and decreases uterine contractions
If there is no pregnancy, what happens to P4 levels?
Drop
What cause an increase in P4 secretion by the CL/
LH surge
What hormones can P4 inhibit?
LH, FSH, GnRH
AMH is produced bu which cells in the ovary?
Granulosa
When does AMH secretion lower?
When selection of the dominant follicle occurs
How can you check for ovary remains?
By checking AMH levels/presence
Which part of the ovary contains the follicles?
Cortex
Loose connective tissue is a characteristic of which part of the ovary?
Medulla
Cellular CT is a characteristic of which part of the ovary?
Cortex
What type of epithelium covers the ovary?
Germinal epithelium
Describe the germinal epithelium
Simple cuboidal
What lies between the germinal epithelium and the cortex?
Tunica albuginea
Describe the function of the ovary
Gamete and steroid hormone production
What is the Tunica albuginea made of?
Dense CT
What 2 things make up the cortex?
Stroma and parenchyma
Which part of the cortex is the functional part (i.e. where the follicles reside?
Parenchyma
Describe the cells in the stroma
Spindle shaped with elongated nucleus
Stroma is considered _____________ (supportive or functional)
Supportive
What are the 3 ovarian follicles that can be identified on their developmental stage?
- Primordial
- Growing (primary and Antral)
- Mature (Graafian)
What is the oocyte surrounded by a simple layer of squamous cells called? They are found in the stroma
Primordial follicle
In which stage does the zona pellucida begins to form?
Primary follicle
What is the function of the zona pellucida?
- secrete glycoproteins
- Spermatozoa-binding receptor and inducer of acrosome reaction
After follicular cells proliferate and stratify, they are called:
Granulosa cells
What is a layer found in late primary follicles?
Stratum granulosum
A secondary follicle has what specific structure?
Antrum
What cell is formed during the Antral stage of the follicle?
Theca Interna
Stroma cells outside theca interna organize as what around the follicle?
Theca externa
What is the function of the theca interna?
-Produce androgens that are converted into estrogen
What stimulates theca interna cells to produce androgens?
LH
What stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells to produce more estrogen?
FSH
What is avascular during follicular growth?
Granulosa layer
When the antrum enlarges and becomes horseshoe shaped, that is the follicle called?
Mature Secondary or Graafian
What cells send penetrating microvilli throughout the zona pellucida to communicate with the microvilli of the oocyte?
Corona radiata cells
What happens to follicles that do not reach full maturity and ovulate?
Undergo atresia
What is it called when the mature follicle fills cortex and bulges on the surface for release of the oocyte?
Ovulation
During ovulation, the oocyte completes its first meiosis division and forms what?
Polar body
What is created when the oocyte and follicular fluid leave the follicle?
Corpus hemorrhagicum
After the follicle collapses, what does it convert to?
Corpus luteum
What cells enlarge in a CL and acquire a Yellow pigment?
Theca interna (theca lutein)
Do the theca lutein cells secrete androgen?
Yes
What initiates heat?
Loss of estrogen and progesterone (the lysis of the CL)
What is the white scar the CL converts into?
Corpus albicans
What is the evidence that a follicle was once in the ovary?
Glassy membrane (granulosa cells basal lamina)
True or False: the follicle growth within the ovary prior to FSH release is externally mediated
False, it is internally mediated
Which hormone plays a key role in follicle dominance?
Estrogen
How is estrogen involved in follicle dominance?
Enhances FSH action on granulosa cells
The ovary is quiescent and can have 2 CLs during which phase?
Anestrus
Describe the ovary during Proestrus
Increase in follicular development and large Antral follicles present
Describe the ovary during estrus
Presence of preovulatory follicles with Luteinization of granulosa cells
During which phase will you see a new CL?
Diestrus
List the 3 layers of the uterine wall
-Endometrium
- Myomentrium
- Perimetrium
Which layer of the uterus increases in thickness during pregnancy?
Myometrium
What structure of the endometrium sloughs off in the menstrual phase ?
Stratum functional
Which artery supplies the blood supply of the endometrium?
Uterine a.
Uterine glands arfe lined by which epithelium?
Simple columnar
What lubricates with mucus the vagina?
Cervical Glands
During Proestrus, what invades the uterus leading to inflammation?
Neutrophils
What attaches the ovary to the dorsal wall?
Suspensory ligament
Where is the fertilization site?
Uterine tube
What is the funnel with finger-like projections called?
Infundibulum
What connect the ovary to the uterine horn?
Proper ligament of the ovary
What is the orifice of their UB in the vestibule called and what other structure is dorsal to it?
External urethral orifice with the urethral tubercle dorsal
Craneal and caudal to the cervix are the?
Internal and external uterine Ostia
What is the opening into the vestibule called?
Rema pudendi
What are the limits of the vagina?
From the external uterine Ostia to before the urethra empties
What lines the rema pudendi?
The vulva
What is the copulatory organ of the female?
Clitoris
Where does early development of the embryo take place?
Uterine tube
Where does implantation and later development of the embryo occur?
Uterine horn
What is the ligament covering the uterine tube called?
Mesosalpynx
What covers the uterine horns and body?
Mesometrium
What is the covering of the complete reproductive tract called? I.e, mesovarium, metrium, and salpynx
Broad ligament
What can go through the inguinal canal ?
Free edge of the mesometrium
What are the dorsal and ventral limits of the rima pudendi called?
Ventral and dorsal commissure
What holds the uterus to the wall?
Round ligament
What is the sympathetic innervation to the UB?
Hypogastric n
What is the parasympathetic innervation?
Pelvic n
What are the 2 causes of anestrus?
Physiological (seasonal, pregnancy,lactation) or pathological (disease)
List the spontaneous ovulation species
- sow
- ewe
- mouse
- cow
- dog
List induced ovulation species
- dromadery
- rabbit
- rhino
What are the 3 types of reproductive cyclicity?
Polyestrus, Seasonal polyestrus, Monoestrus
Bovine, porcine and camelids are in what type of cycle?
Polyestrus
List seasonal polyestrus species
Equine (long-day) and small ruminants (short day)
Give an example of a monoestrus species
Dogs, wolf, foxes, bears
Another name for neurohyphysis:
Posterior pituitary
