Female Repro Flashcards
1
Q
Define estrus
A
Fertile window where mating can lead to pregnancy
2
Q
What is the post fertile phase where progesterone is highest? hint: it is the longest phase
A
Diestrus
3
Q
Define Proestrus
A
Initial phase that is marked by vulva bleeding and swelling
4
Q
What is the prolonged period of sexual inactivity?
A
Anestrus
5
Q
Which hormone surges before ovulation?
A
LH
6
Q
Follicular maturation occurs during which phase?
A
Proestrus
7
Q
During which phase does the CL start to develop?
A
Metestrus
8
Q
What releases GnRH?
A
Hypothalamus
9
Q
The anterior pituitary is also called:
A
Adenohyphosis
10
Q
Where does GnRH bind to?
A
GnRH receptors in the AP
11
Q
What specifically secretes FSH and LH?
A
Basophils
12
Q
Which hormone regulates the onset of puberty, sexual development and ovulatory cycle?
A
GnRH
13
Q
Which hormone stimulates follicular development ?
A
FSH
14
Q
FSH stimulates which specific cells in the ovary ?
A
Granulosa cells
15
Q
What do granulosa cells synthesize that converts androgens to E2?
A
Aromatase
16
Q
What does LH do?
A
Stimulates theca cells to make androgens
17
Q
What promotes positive feedback for LH?
A
Estrogen shutting off
18
Q
What inhibits LH?
A
Estrogen
19
Q
What is secreted by granulosa cells?
A
E2
20
Q
What stimulates the secretion of LH ?
A
GnRH as a result of E2 from the dominant follicle
21
Q
What is the function of P4?
A
Prepare endometrium for implantation embryo nourishment
22
Q
What does P4 inhibit during pregnancy?
A
Lactation and decreases uterine contractions
23
Q
If there is no pregnancy, what happens to P4 levels?
A
Drop
24
Q
What cause an increase in P4 secretion by the CL/
A
LH surge
25
What hormones can P4 inhibit?
LH, FSH, GnRH
26
AMH is produced bu which cells in the ovary?
Granulosa
27
When does AMH secretion lower?
When selection of the dominant follicle occurs
28
How can you check for ovary remains?
By checking AMH levels/presence
29
Which part of the ovary contains the follicles?
Cortex
30
Loose connective tissue is a characteristic of which part of the ovary?
Medulla
31
Cellular CT is a characteristic of which part of the ovary?
Cortex
32
What type of epithelium covers the ovary?
Germinal epithelium
33
Describe the germinal epithelium
Simple cuboidal
34
What lies between the germinal epithelium and the cortex?
Tunica albuginea
35
Describe the function of the ovary
Gamete and steroid hormone production
36
What is the Tunica albuginea made of?
Dense CT
37
What 2 things make up the cortex?
Stroma and parenchyma
38
Which part of the cortex is the functional part (i.e. where the follicles reside?
Parenchyma
39
Describe the cells in the stroma
Spindle shaped with elongated nucleus
40
Stroma is considered _____________ (supportive or functional)
Supportive
41
What are the 3 ovarian follicles that can be identified on their developmental stage?
- Primordial
- Growing (primary and Antral)
- Mature (Graafian)
42
What is the oocyte surrounded by a simple layer of squamous cells called? They are found in the stroma
Primordial follicle
43
In which stage does the zona pellucida begins to form?
Primary follicle
44
What is the function of the zona pellucida?
- secrete glycoproteins
- Spermatozoa-binding receptor and inducer of acrosome reaction
45
After follicular cells proliferate and stratify, they are called:
Granulosa cells
46
What is a layer found in late primary follicles?
Stratum granulosum
47
A secondary follicle has what specific structure?
Antrum
48
What cell is formed during the Antral stage of the follicle?
Theca Interna
49
Stroma cells outside theca interna organize as what around the follicle?
Theca externa
50
What is the function of the theca interna?
-Produce androgens that are converted into estrogen
51
What stimulates theca interna cells to produce androgens?
LH
52
What stimulates aromatase activity in granulosa cells to produce more estrogen?
FSH
53
What is avascular during follicular growth?
Granulosa layer
54
When the antrum enlarges and becomes horseshoe shaped, that is the follicle called?
Mature Secondary or Graafian
55
What cells send penetrating microvilli throughout the zona pellucida to communicate with the microvilli of the oocyte?
Corona radiata cells
56
What happens to follicles that do not reach full maturity and ovulate?
Undergo atresia
57
What is it called when the mature follicle fills cortex and bulges on the surface for release of the oocyte?
Ovulation
58
During ovulation, the oocyte completes its first meiosis division and forms what?
Polar body
59
What is created when the oocyte and follicular fluid leave the follicle?
Corpus hemorrhagicum
60
After the follicle collapses, what does it convert to?
Corpus luteum
61
What cells enlarge in a CL and acquire a Yellow pigment?
Theca interna (theca lutein)
62
Do the theca lutein cells secrete androgen?
Yes
63
What initiates heat?
Loss of estrogen and progesterone (the lysis of the CL)
64
What is the white scar the CL converts into?
Corpus albicans
65
What is the evidence that a follicle was once in the ovary?
Glassy membrane (granulosa cells basal lamina)
66
True or False: the follicle growth within the ovary prior to FSH release is externally mediated
False, it is internally mediated
67
Which hormone plays a key role in follicle dominance?
Estrogen
68
How is estrogen involved in follicle dominance?
Enhances FSH action on granulosa cells
69
The ovary is quiescent and can have 2 CLs during which phase?
Anestrus
70
Describe the ovary during Proestrus
Increase in follicular development and large Antral follicles present
71
Describe the ovary during estrus
Presence of preovulatory follicles with Luteinization of granulosa cells
72
During which phase will you see a new CL?
Diestrus
73
List the 3 layers of the uterine wall
-Endometrium
- Myomentrium
- Perimetrium
74
Which layer of the uterus increases in thickness during pregnancy?
Myometrium
75
What structure of the endometrium sloughs off in the menstrual phase ?
Stratum functional
76
Which artery supplies the blood supply of the endometrium?
Uterine a.
77
Uterine glands arfe lined by which epithelium?
Simple columnar
78
What lubricates with mucus the vagina?
Cervical Glands
79
During Proestrus, what invades the uterus leading to inflammation?
Neutrophils
80
What attaches the ovary to the dorsal wall?
Suspensory ligament
81
Where is the fertilization site?
Uterine tube
82
What is the funnel with finger-like projections called?
Infundibulum
83
What connect the ovary to the uterine horn?
Proper ligament of the ovary
84
What is the orifice of their UB in the vestibule called and what other structure is dorsal to it?
External urethral orifice with the urethral tubercle dorsal
85
Craneal and caudal to the cervix are the?
Internal and external uterine Ostia
86
What is the opening into the vestibule called?
Rema pudendi
87
What are the limits of the vagina?
From the external uterine Ostia to before the urethra empties
88
What lines the rema pudendi?
The vulva
89
What is the copulatory organ of the female?
Clitoris
90
Where does early development of the embryo take place?
Uterine tube
91
Where does implantation and later development of the embryo occur?
Uterine horn
92
What is the ligament covering the uterine tube called?
Mesosalpynx
93
What covers the uterine horns and body?
Mesometrium
94
What is the covering of the complete reproductive tract called? I.e, mesovarium, metrium, and salpynx
Broad ligament
95
What can go through the inguinal canal ?
Free edge of the mesometrium
96
What are the dorsal and ventral limits of the rima pudendi called?
Ventral and dorsal commissure
97
What holds the uterus to the wall?
Round ligament
98
What is the sympathetic innervation to the UB?
Hypogastric n
99
What is the parasympathetic innervation?
Pelvic n
100
What are the 2 causes of anestrus?
Physiological (seasonal, pregnancy,lactation) or pathological (disease)
101
List the spontaneous ovulation species
- sow
- ewe
- mouse
- cow
- dog
102
List induced ovulation species
- dromadery
- rabbit
- rhino
103
What are the 3 types of reproductive cyclicity?
Polyestrus, Seasonal polyestrus, Monoestrus
104
Bovine, porcine and camelids are in what type of cycle?
Polyestrus
105
List seasonal polyestrus species
Equine (long-day) and small ruminants (short day)
106
Give an example of a monoestrus species
Dogs, wolf, foxes, bears
107
Another name for neurohyphysis:
Posterior pituitary
