Female Repro Flashcards
What are the endocrine functions of the ovary? What about the exocrine functions?
endocrine - produce hormones
exocrine - produce oocytes
What produces the hormones of the ovary?
Follicles
When are follicles transformed to CL?
after ovulation
What hormones does the ovary respond to from the pituitary?
LH and FSH
What is located in the cortex? What is located in the medulla?
cortex - developing and regressing follicles
Medulla - blood vessels and nerves
Where is the tunica albuginea of the ovary?
under its surface epithelium
What is another name for the tunica serosa of the ovary?
mesovarium
What is the epithelium of the mesovarium? Name and classification
simple cuboidal, called germinal epithelium
What is the tunica albuginea?
CT around the edge of cortex, not as fibrous as male, devoid of follicles
What is the tissue between the follicles called? What are the cells called?
The stroma; stromal cells are fibroblasts
What is the hilus of the ovary?
What is the rete ovarii?
the area where the mesovarium is attached; contains a system of channels lined by cuboidal epithelium called the rete ovari
What can form cysts or tumors?
The rete ovary - a system of channels lined by cuboidal epithelium
Where are oocytes located in the ovary?
inside the follicles
What are the oocytes surrounded by? What is the epithelial layer called?
capsule-like structure called zona pellucida and a layer of epithelial cells called follicular epithelial cells or granulosa cells
What is around the follicular epithelial cells?
a basement membrane and a theca
What is the theca composed of?
Theca interna and theca externa
What are stages of follicle development described by?
Their appearance; Primordial, primary, secondary, or tertiary
What are the 3 layers of the granulosa cells?
cumulus oophorus, corona radiata, and stratum granulosum
Where is the cumulus oophorus and what is it?
a coat of granulosa cells around the oocyte
What is the corona radiata? What are they in contact with?
Cells of the cumulus oophorus in direct contact with the zona pellucida
What is the stratum granulosum?
Layer of cells on the wall of the follicle
What are the stages of follicles from smallest to largest?
primordial > primary > secondary > Tertiary
As folliciles in large, in which way do they move in the ovary?
They move deeper but enlarge enough to reach the surface again
In which stage is the oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells where the follicles are quiescent?
primordial follicles
What is between the follicle and ovarian stroma of primordial follicles?
Basement membrane
What is the oocyte surrounded by in primary follicles? The follicle is primary until what?
Cuboidal granulosa cells with no fluid. The follicle is primary until the fluid begins to accumulate b/w granulosa cells.
What begins to form around the oocyte in primary follicles?
zona pellucida and maybe theca
What are the main features of a secondary follicle?
pockets of fluid and separation between cells
What is obvious in the secondary follicles?
Theca
What does a tertiary follicle look like?
One large fluid-filled antrum that surrounds the oocyte except for the connection to the follicle wall
A surge of LH causes release of what? What does this release cause?
collagenase and other enzymes to digest tissues at ovulation site
At ovulation, what happens to the stroma?
becomes avascular and degenerates
What do the thecal layers look like at ovulation?
thin
What happens to the oocyte and cumulus oophorus at ovulation?
They break free from the antral wall
At ovulation, where does the follicle protrude from the wall?
at the stigma
What is the last event of ovulation?
The oocyte is released from the follicle
What forms after ovulation and why?
Corpus hemorrhagicum forms as blood fills the follicle lumen
How is CH converted to CL?
The wall of follicle collapses and creates folds which convert to CL
What does the CL form after ovulation?
granulosa and theca layers
When the granulosa cells proliferate and enlarge, what are they called? What do they look like and what do they produce?
Granulosa lutein cells which are polygonal with large circular nuclei; they produce progesterone and some estrogen
What do small luteal cells develop from?
Theca interna cells
When the CL regresses, what does it become?
Corpus albicans
What will a regressing CL look like?
lots of macrophages cleaning up, light pink area is scar tissue without very many nuclei
What is the main thing youll be looking for in an atretic follicle?
something abnormal with the follicle
What is follicular atresia?
many follicles degenerate to become atretic
At what stage can an atretic follicle occur?
any stage
What percentage of follicles become atretic?
50-75%
What are interstitial cells formed from in the dog and cat?
Theca interna cells
What type of cells secrete androgens? What are androgens used by and for production of what?
Theca cells secrete androgens that are used by granulosa cells to produce estrogen
As the follicle develops, granulosa cells secrete what in response to what?
They secrete estrogen in response to FSH
After ovulation, what do granulosa cells transform to? What do the secrete and in response to what hormone?
granulosa lutein cells that secrete primary progesterone in response to LH
When does the rise of estrogen occur and when does the rise of progesterone occur?
estrogen - before ovulation
progesterone - after ovulation
What do the rise of estrogen and progesterone cause?
endometrium to proliferate and secrete
What happens in oogenesis?
Oogonia divide mitotically until birth or shortly after and give rise to primary oocytes
What happens to primary oocytes in the meiotic prophase 1?
They are arrested and remain there for years
What do primary oocytes go through when stimulated to divide?
Meiosis 1; dividing to form secondary oocytes and the 1st polar body
There is an unequal division of cytoplasm between which cells after meiosis 1? Which is larger secondary oocyte or polar body?
daughter cells, secondary oocyte much larger than the polar body
Prior to what stage is the secondary oocyte formed?
prior to ovulation in the tertiary follicle
The secondary oocyte undergoes the 2nd meiotic division after what stage and what does it form?
after fertilization to form the ovum and the 2nd polar body
What are the three structures of the uterine tube?
infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
What does the infundibulum look like?
funnel shaped with fimbriae
What is the main part of the uterine tube?
the ampulla
What does the isthmus look like? What junction is a part of this?
a narrow, muscular segment joining the uterus; tubouterine junction
What are the layers of the uterine tube?
mucosa, tunical musclaris and tunica serosa
What is the mucosa of the uterine tube composed of?
epithelium and underlying CT; CT referred to as lamina propria-submucosa
What does the mucosa of the infundibulum and ampulla look like?
It is highly folded with primary, secondary, and tertiary folds
The mucosa of the isthmus has what type of folds?
primary folds
What is the epithelium of the uterine tube?
simple columnar cilitated
There can also be what type of cells within the uterine tube?
non-ciliated secretory cells
What are the parts of the uterus?
two horns (cornua), body (corpus) and an neck (cervix)
What are the layers of the uterus?
Endometrium - tunica mucosa and submucosa
Myometrium - tunica muscularis
Perimetrium - tunica serosa
What happens to the endometrium each cycle?
it proliferates and then sloughs off or regressed
What does the endometrium contain?
uterine glands; straight simple tubular glands that become coiled during thickening of the endometrium
What are caruncles?
sites of placental attachment
What are the layers of the myometrium?
inner circular layer, stratum vasculare, and outer longitudinal layer
What is the perimetrium composed of?
a thin layer of fibroelastic CT, covered by mesothelium
What is the epithelium of the cervix?
columnar mucous cells
Tunica muscularis of cervix has inner _____ and outer ____ layers
inner circular and outer longitudinal
What epithelium does the vagina have?
stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
In the vagina, the lamina propria is joined to what?
the submucosa
Tunica muscularis of vagina has inner ____ and outer ____
inner circular and outer longitudinal
The vestibule is (proximal/distal) to the urethral opening?
distal
What glands does the vestibule contain?
major and minor vestibular glands
What is the vestibule a part of?
Vulva
What is proestrus? What is happening to the CL? What are the follicles doing?
Beginning of endometrial growth; CL is regressing; new follicles are growing
In proestrus, what are theca cells doing, what about granulosa cells? What are they stimulated by?
Theca cells - produce androgens, stimulated by LH
Granulosa cells - produce estrogens, stimulated by FSH
Which stage is sexual receptiveness? What occurs?
Estrus; ovulation occurs; CL develops during this phase in the dog
What occurs in metestrus?
period of CL development; no metestrus in dog since CL develops during estrus. Progesterone levels are climbing
What is active during diestrus? What happens to uterus? What happens to CL?
Phase of active CL. Uterus reaches max endometrial gland development; CL regressed toward end inf no implantation.
What is pseudopregnancy in the dog?
regression of CL > increased prolactin > pseudopregnancy (40-60 days after estrus). Mammary development with lactation; can result in pyometra
What is anestrus?
prolonged period of sexual inactivity
During estrus, what happens to: FSH, LH, Granulosa cells,
FSH secretion from pituitary slow and LH increases. Granulosa cells increase receptors for LH in prep for transition to granulosa lutein cells. Estrogen secretion is maximal
What behavior occurs during estrus? What part of the uterus is growing? What is happening with glands? What is happening to vaginal epithelium?
heat; cont. endometrial growth; increased glandular secretory activity; maximal edema, hemmorhage and congestion of CT; Vag epithelium is thick and cornified; clear or bloody discharge
What kind of gland is the mammary gland? Where are large ducts located?
It is a compound gland (modified sweat gland); apocrine and merocrine. Large ducts in the interlobular Ct
What is the Parenchyma of the mammary glands?
secretory tissue comprised of alveoli and intralobular ducts
What is the stroma of the mammary glands?
CT; major part of non-lactating gland
What are the mammary glands divided into? What are within these components?
Lobes and lobules.
Lobules - alveoli and ducts are secretory with simple cuboidal epithelium.
Larger mammary gland ducts have what type of epithelium?
columnar or stratified columnar epithelium
What surrounds the large ducts of mammary glands?
smooth muscle and elastic fibers
What are the non-secretory portions of the mammary gland?
interlobular ducts and lobar ducts and Lactiferous sinus - gland sinus and teat sinus
When do alveoli of the mammary gland regress?
When the gland is inactive, leaving rudiments that look like ducts
What is the Lactiferous sinus?
teat sinus + gland sinus
What epithelium does the Lactiferous sinus have?
bistratified columnar epithelium
What is another name for the teat canal and what is the transition of epithelium?
lactiferous duct - transition from bistratified columnar to the skin of the teat
Damage to the teat that damages the sphincter can make it more susceptible to what?
bacterial invasion
