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Microanatomy > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the ovary? What about the exocrine functions?

A

endocrine - produce hormones

exocrine - produce oocytes

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2
Q

What produces the hormones of the ovary?

A

Follicles

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3
Q

When are follicles transformed to CL?

A

after ovulation

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4
Q

What hormones does the ovary respond to from the pituitary?

A

LH and FSH

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5
Q

What is located in the cortex? What is located in the medulla?

A

cortex - developing and regressing follicles

Medulla - blood vessels and nerves

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6
Q

Where is the tunica albuginea of the ovary?

A

under its surface epithelium

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7
Q

What is another name for the tunica serosa of the ovary?

A

mesovarium

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8
Q

What is the epithelium of the mesovarium? Name and classification

A

simple cuboidal, called germinal epithelium

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9
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

CT around the edge of cortex, not as fibrous as male, devoid of follicles

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10
Q

What is the tissue between the follicles called? What are the cells called?

A

The stroma; stromal cells are fibroblasts

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11
Q

What is the hilus of the ovary?

What is the rete ovarii?

A

the area where the mesovarium is attached; contains a system of channels lined by cuboidal epithelium called the rete ovari

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12
Q

What can form cysts or tumors?

A

The rete ovary - a system of channels lined by cuboidal epithelium

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13
Q

Where are oocytes located in the ovary?

A

inside the follicles

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14
Q

What are the oocytes surrounded by? What is the epithelial layer called?

A

capsule-like structure called zona pellucida and a layer of epithelial cells called follicular epithelial cells or granulosa cells

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15
Q

What is around the follicular epithelial cells?

A

a basement membrane and a theca

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16
Q

What is the theca composed of?

A

Theca interna and theca externa

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17
Q

What are stages of follicle development described by?

A

Their appearance; Primordial, primary, secondary, or tertiary

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18
Q

What are the 3 layers of the granulosa cells?

A

cumulus oophorus, corona radiata, and stratum granulosum

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19
Q

Where is the cumulus oophorus and what is it?

A

a coat of granulosa cells around the oocyte

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20
Q

What is the corona radiata? What are they in contact with?

A

Cells of the cumulus oophorus in direct contact with the zona pellucida

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21
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

Layer of cells on the wall of the follicle

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22
Q

What are the stages of follicles from smallest to largest?

A

primordial > primary > secondary > Tertiary

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23
Q

As folliciles in large, in which way do they move in the ovary?

A

They move deeper but enlarge enough to reach the surface again

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24
Q

In which stage is the oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells where the follicles are quiescent?

A

primordial follicles

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25
Q

What is between the follicle and ovarian stroma of primordial follicles?

A

Basement membrane

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26
Q

What is the oocyte surrounded by in primary follicles? The follicle is primary until what?

A

Cuboidal granulosa cells with no fluid. The follicle is primary until the fluid begins to accumulate b/w granulosa cells.

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27
Q

What begins to form around the oocyte in primary follicles?

A

zona pellucida and maybe theca

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28
Q

What are the main features of a secondary follicle?

A

pockets of fluid and separation between cells

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29
Q

What is obvious in the secondary follicles?

A

Theca

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30
Q

What does a tertiary follicle look like?

A

One large fluid-filled antrum that surrounds the oocyte except for the connection to the follicle wall

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31
Q

A surge of LH causes release of what? What does this release cause?

A

collagenase and other enzymes to digest tissues at ovulation site

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32
Q

At ovulation, what happens to the stroma?

A

becomes avascular and degenerates

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33
Q

What do the thecal layers look like at ovulation?

A

thin

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34
Q

What happens to the oocyte and cumulus oophorus at ovulation?

A

They break free from the antral wall

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35
Q

At ovulation, where does the follicle protrude from the wall?

A

at the stigma

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36
Q

What is the last event of ovulation?

A

The oocyte is released from the follicle

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37
Q

What forms after ovulation and why?

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum forms as blood fills the follicle lumen

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38
Q

How is CH converted to CL?

A

The wall of follicle collapses and creates folds which convert to CL

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39
Q

What does the CL form after ovulation?

A

granulosa and theca layers

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40
Q

When the granulosa cells proliferate and enlarge, what are they called? What do they look like and what do they produce?

A

Granulosa lutein cells which are polygonal with large circular nuclei; they produce progesterone and some estrogen

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41
Q

What do small luteal cells develop from?

A

Theca interna cells

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42
Q

When the CL regresses, what does it become?

A

Corpus albicans

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43
Q

What will a regressing CL look like?

A

lots of macrophages cleaning up, light pink area is scar tissue without very many nuclei

44
Q

What is the main thing youll be looking for in an atretic follicle?

A

something abnormal with the follicle

45
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

many follicles degenerate to become atretic

46
Q

At what stage can an atretic follicle occur?

A

any stage

47
Q

What percentage of follicles become atretic?

A

50-75%

48
Q

What are interstitial cells formed from in the dog and cat?

A

Theca interna cells

49
Q

What type of cells secrete androgens? What are androgens used by and for production of what?

A

Theca cells secrete androgens that are used by granulosa cells to produce estrogen

50
Q

As the follicle develops, granulosa cells secrete what in response to what?

A

They secrete estrogen in response to FSH

51
Q

After ovulation, what do granulosa cells transform to? What do the secrete and in response to what hormone?

A

granulosa lutein cells that secrete primary progesterone in response to LH

52
Q

When does the rise of estrogen occur and when does the rise of progesterone occur?

A

estrogen - before ovulation

progesterone - after ovulation

53
Q

What do the rise of estrogen and progesterone cause?

A

endometrium to proliferate and secrete

54
Q

What happens in oogenesis?

A

Oogonia divide mitotically until birth or shortly after and give rise to primary oocytes

55
Q

What happens to primary oocytes in the meiotic prophase 1?

A

They are arrested and remain there for years

56
Q

What do primary oocytes go through when stimulated to divide?

A

Meiosis 1; dividing to form secondary oocytes and the 1st polar body

57
Q

There is an unequal division of cytoplasm between which cells after meiosis 1? Which is larger secondary oocyte or polar body?

A

daughter cells, secondary oocyte much larger than the polar body

58
Q

Prior to what stage is the secondary oocyte formed?

A

prior to ovulation in the tertiary follicle

59
Q

The secondary oocyte undergoes the 2nd meiotic division after what stage and what does it form?

A

after fertilization to form the ovum and the 2nd polar body

60
Q

What are the three structures of the uterine tube?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus

61
Q

What does the infundibulum look like?

A

funnel shaped with fimbriae

62
Q

What is the main part of the uterine tube?

A

the ampulla

63
Q

What does the isthmus look like? What junction is a part of this?

A

a narrow, muscular segment joining the uterus; tubouterine junction

64
Q

What are the layers of the uterine tube?

A

mucosa, tunical musclaris and tunica serosa

65
Q

What is the mucosa of the uterine tube composed of?

A

epithelium and underlying CT; CT referred to as lamina propria-submucosa

66
Q

What does the mucosa of the infundibulum and ampulla look like?

A

It is highly folded with primary, secondary, and tertiary folds

67
Q

The mucosa of the isthmus has what type of folds?

A

primary folds

68
Q

What is the epithelium of the uterine tube?

A

simple columnar cilitated

69
Q

There can also be what type of cells within the uterine tube?

A

non-ciliated secretory cells

70
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A

two horns (cornua), body (corpus) and an neck (cervix)

71
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium - tunica mucosa and submucosa
Myometrium - tunica muscularis
Perimetrium - tunica serosa

72
Q

What happens to the endometrium each cycle?

A

it proliferates and then sloughs off or regressed

73
Q

What does the endometrium contain?

A

uterine glands; straight simple tubular glands that become coiled during thickening of the endometrium

74
Q

What are caruncles?

A

sites of placental attachment

75
Q

What are the layers of the myometrium?

A

inner circular layer, stratum vasculare, and outer longitudinal layer

76
Q

What is the perimetrium composed of?

A

a thin layer of fibroelastic CT, covered by mesothelium

77
Q

What is the epithelium of the cervix?

A

columnar mucous cells

78
Q

Tunica muscularis of cervix has inner _____ and outer ____ layers

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

79
Q

What epithelium does the vagina have?

A

stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

80
Q

In the vagina, the lamina propria is joined to what?

A

the submucosa

81
Q

Tunica muscularis of vagina has inner ____ and outer ____

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal

82
Q

The vestibule is (proximal/distal) to the urethral opening?

A

distal

83
Q

What glands does the vestibule contain?

A

major and minor vestibular glands

84
Q

What is the vestibule a part of?

A

Vulva

85
Q

What is proestrus? What is happening to the CL? What are the follicles doing?

A

Beginning of endometrial growth; CL is regressing; new follicles are growing

86
Q

In proestrus, what are theca cells doing, what about granulosa cells? What are they stimulated by?

A

Theca cells - produce androgens, stimulated by LH

Granulosa cells - produce estrogens, stimulated by FSH

87
Q

Which stage is sexual receptiveness? What occurs?

A

Estrus; ovulation occurs; CL develops during this phase in the dog

88
Q

What occurs in metestrus?

A

period of CL development; no metestrus in dog since CL develops during estrus. Progesterone levels are climbing

89
Q

What is active during diestrus? What happens to uterus? What happens to CL?

A

Phase of active CL. Uterus reaches max endometrial gland development; CL regressed toward end inf no implantation.

90
Q

What is pseudopregnancy in the dog?

A

regression of CL > increased prolactin > pseudopregnancy (40-60 days after estrus). Mammary development with lactation; can result in pyometra

91
Q

What is anestrus?

A

prolonged period of sexual inactivity

92
Q

During estrus, what happens to: FSH, LH, Granulosa cells,

A

FSH secretion from pituitary slow and LH increases. Granulosa cells increase receptors for LH in prep for transition to granulosa lutein cells. Estrogen secretion is maximal

93
Q

What behavior occurs during estrus? What part of the uterus is growing? What is happening with glands? What is happening to vaginal epithelium?

A

heat; cont. endometrial growth; increased glandular secretory activity; maximal edema, hemmorhage and congestion of CT; Vag epithelium is thick and cornified; clear or bloody discharge

94
Q

What kind of gland is the mammary gland? Where are large ducts located?

A

It is a compound gland (modified sweat gland); apocrine and merocrine. Large ducts in the interlobular Ct

95
Q

What is the Parenchyma of the mammary glands?

A

secretory tissue comprised of alveoli and intralobular ducts

96
Q

What is the stroma of the mammary glands?

A

CT; major part of non-lactating gland

97
Q

What are the mammary glands divided into? What are within these components?

A

Lobes and lobules.

Lobules - alveoli and ducts are secretory with simple cuboidal epithelium.

98
Q

Larger mammary gland ducts have what type of epithelium?

A

columnar or stratified columnar epithelium

99
Q

What surrounds the large ducts of mammary glands?

A

smooth muscle and elastic fibers

100
Q

What are the non-secretory portions of the mammary gland?

A

interlobular ducts and lobar ducts and Lactiferous sinus - gland sinus and teat sinus

101
Q

When do alveoli of the mammary gland regress?

A

When the gland is inactive, leaving rudiments that look like ducts

102
Q

What is the Lactiferous sinus?

A

teat sinus + gland sinus

103
Q

What epithelium does the Lactiferous sinus have?

A

bistratified columnar epithelium

104
Q

What is another name for the teat canal and what is the transition of epithelium?

A

lactiferous duct - transition from bistratified columnar to the skin of the teat

105
Q

Damage to the teat that damages the sphincter can make it more susceptible to what?

A

bacterial invasion

Microanatomy (2 decks)

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