Female Repo. Histo. Flashcards
1
Q
What type of oocytes are present at birth and where are they arrested?
A
- Primary Oocytes
- Arrested at mieosis I
2
Q
When is the ova formed?
A
After the II meitotic division that results from fertilization
3
Q
What defines the primordial follicle in histological section?
A
Surrounded by 1 layer of simple squamous cells
4
Q
What defines the primary follicle in histological section?
A
Surrounded by 1 layer of cuboidal or columnar cells
*No antrum
5
Q
What defines the secondary follicle in histological section?
A
same as primary but now has antrum
6
Q
What defines the primordial follicle in graafian follicle in histological section?
A
mature secondary follicle with horshoe shaped antrum
7
Q
What is the Sequence of follicular maturation?
A
- Primordial Follicle
- Primary follice
- Secondary Follicle
- Graafian Follicle
- Corpus Luteum
- Coprus albicans
8
Q
What is the state of the oocyte before puberty?
A
- Surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
- ALL FOLLICLES ARE PRIMORDIAL
9
Q
When does the zona pellucida begin to form?
A
When the follicle becomes a primary follicle
10
Q
How many primary follicles begin to develop at each menstrual cycle and how many become secondary follicles?
A
~20
- only a few become secondary follicles
11
Q
What is the zona pellucida?
A
Glycoprotein rich layer formed under the layer of cuboidal cells beginning in the primary follicle.
**Note this plays an important role in fertilization and implantation
12
Q
What are the features of a late primary follicle?
- Outer cell layer?
- Zona Pellucida?
A
- Cuboidal cell layer stratifies to form STRATUM GRANULOSUM (formed by granulosa cells)
- Zona Pellucida under the cells is now obvious
- Basal lamina has formed on the outside of all granulosa cells
13
Q
What is the purpose of the basal lamina surrounding granulosa cells?
A
- Prevents blood vessels from growing into the follicle
- BUT ALLOWS diffusion of hormones
14
Q
What are some Characteristics of a secondary/antral follicle?
- Outer layer cells?
A
- Stratum granulosum gets up to 6-12 layers thick (basal lamina still prominent)
- Fluid Filled cavities start appearing among Granulosa cells
- Cavities combine into an antrum
15
Q
What is contained in the follicular fluid?
A
- Hormones
- Growth Factors
- Anti-Clotting Factors
16
Q
What is the size differential of a early secondary follicle and a mature secondary follicle?
A
Early = ~0.2 mm diameter Mature = ~1 cm
17
Q
What are some characteristics of the graffian follicle?
A
- Horshoe shaped antrum
- Cumulus oophorus (mound of granulosa cells attaching to the oocyte)
- Corona Radiata granulosa cells that extend up off the cumulus oophorus and surround the oocyte (these stick w/ oocyte thoughout ovulation)
18
Q
What happens to the outer ring of granulosa cells that were not part of the corona radiata?
A
They remain in the ovary and become the corpus luteum
19
Q
What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?
A
the corpus albicans
20
Q
only 1 of 20 primordial follicles that begin to develope each menstrual cycle makes it all the way through. What happens to the rest?
A
Atresia
If small:
They degenerate and are resorbed
If Large
- Macrophages phagocytose dead oocyte and its zona pellucida
- Granulosa basal lamina enlarges and forms a persistent GLASSY MEMBRANE
21
Q
T or F: the ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, and vagina are all subject to hormonal regulation.
A
True
22
Q
What part of the ovary consists of blood vessles, lymphatic vessels, and nerves?
A
Medulla
23
Q
What does the cortex of the ovary consist of?
A
Ovarian Follicles embedded in connective tissue
24
Q
T or F: the germinal epithelium is the site of germ cell formation in the ovary?
A
False, this is a misnomer
25
What is the exteriormost part of the ovary cortex and what kind of cells is it made of?
Germinal epithelium
| - Simple Squamous-cuboidal epithelium
26
What layer separates the outter epithelium of the ovary from the cortex?
Tunica albuginea
27
What is the progression of the cell type of the outer layer as a primordial follicle matrures?
Squamous (primordial) --> Cuboidal (primary) --> Columnar (primary) --> Stratified (primary)
28
What happens to the stroma surrounding the secondary oocyte as it progresses to become a Graafian Follicle?
- Stomal Cells around the follicle form 2 distinct layers (theca externa, theca interna)
29
Describe the theca externa.
- CT
- Lots of Collagen
- Some Smooth Muscle
30
Describe the theca interna.
- Highly Vascularized
| - Mostly Secretory Cells (more lightly stained and larger)
31
What is contained in the secretory cells of the theca interna?
- Luteinizing hormone (LH) RECEPTORS
| - Androgens for Secretion
32
What happens to theca interna secetory cells when LH increases?
Androgen secretion increases
33
What happens to androgens secreted by theca interna cells inside of granulosa cells?
- Converted to Estrogen
34
What happens as granulosa cells are exposed to estrogen?
- Estrogen stimulates proliferation of granulosa cells
| - This causes the follicle to increase in size
35
Describe the entire cascade that causes enlargement of the ovarian follicle.
1. Lutenizing Hormone (LH) released from pituitary
2. Receptors on Theca interna cells get signal
3. Theca interna cells begin releasing androgens
4. Granulosa cells turn androgens to estrogen
5. Estrogen causes proliferation of granulosa cells making the follicle larger
36
What would you expect to see if looking at a follicle in the 14th day of a menstual cycle?
- what hormones would be high?
1. Graafian follicle is large and impinges on the cortex
2. Small spaces now present in the cumulus oophorus
- FSH and LH would be high
37
What does FSH do?
Triggers formation of the secondary oocyte
| *Leads to formation of the 1st polar body
38
What happens during ovulation and what processes cause this?
Ovulation = Release of the Follicle
Caused by:
- Increased volume and pressure of fluid in the antrum
- enzymatic breakdown of the follicular wall near the surface of the ovary
- contraction of smooth muscle in THECA EXTERNA
39
What happens if fertilization happen?
- Secondary oocyte completes the 2nd meiotic division
| - Leads to OVUM and 2nd polar body
40
What covers the exposed surface left from the follicle bursting?
the germinal layer
41
What cells form the corpus luteum?
- Remaining granulosa cells
- Theca Interna Cells
**These cells acquire fat and yellow pigment
42
What is secreted by each cell type in the corpus luteum?
```
Granulosa LUTEIN (new name)
- Secrete progesterone
```
Theca LUTEIN
- Secrete androgens (Granulosa cells continue converting this to estrogen)
43
T or F: Capllaries grow into the granulosa lutein from the theca lutein.
True
44
What is the function of the estrogen and progesterone release from the corpus luteum?
Prepares the Uterus for implantation
45
What happens to the corpus luteum if no pregnancy occurs?
- It continues to develope for about 9 days then begins to degenerate
- Leaves Corpus Albicans (pale scar)
46
What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does occur?
- It is maintained until placenta can make enough estrogen and progesterone
- Leaves Corpus albicans
47
What part of the granulosum enlarges to form the glassy membrane left after ovulation?
The Basal Lamina
48
Describe all of the steps of the formation of the 'glassy membrane.'
**Only occurs with large primary oocytes and secondary oocytes
1. The granulosum cells slough off into the antrum
2. This causes follicle to COLLAPSE
3. Stomal Cells grow into the area once occupied by the follicle
4. Oocyte degenerates and Zonula Pellucida COLLAPSE these are PHAGOCYTOSED
5. Granulosa cell basal membrane enlarges forming the glassy membrane
49
What draws the ovary into the ovaduct?
fimbria's ciliary 'current' and muscular contractions
50
What are the 4 regions of the ovaduct and their relative features?
1. Infundibulum - has FIMBRIA
2. Ampulla - longest; where fertilization usually occurs
3. Isthmus - narrowest
4. Pars Uterina - short ~ 1 cm long
51
What are the layers of the OVIDUCT?
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
52
Describe the mucosa of different parts of the oviduct.
- Highly folded in the infundibulum and ampulla; less folded in the isthmus
- Epithelium - simple cuboidal with ciliated, and peg cells
- Lamina Propria - no special features
53
Where do 98% of ectopic pregnacies occur?
In the ovaduct
54
Describe the muscularis of the uterine tube.
Mostly circular, movements can help move the ovum toward the uterus
55
What are the unique features of the epithelial lining of the oviduct?
- Cell type
Simple Cuboidal or Columnar with 2 types of cells
- Ciliated
- Peg Cells
56
Where are ciliated cells most common in the oviduct?
- why?
- What increases ciliated cell production in the oviduct?
Infundibulum and ampulla
- Their beating helps move the ovum to the uterus
- ESTROGEN stimulates ciliogenesis
57
What are structural and functional characteristics of the peg cells of the oviduct?
- What increases the number of peg cells?
- Appear Squeezed in and LACK cilia
- secretory
- Help to nourish ovum
- PROGESTERONE
58
When is are peg cells found in the greatest number?
The 3-4 days whem the ovum (possibly fertilized) is still in the ovum
59
T or F: the uterus and cervix have the same histological characteristics
FALSE
60
What is the endometrium?
Mucosa of the uterus body/fundus
61
T or F: the endometrium has a muscularis mucosa and/or a submucosa?
FALSE
62
Describe the endometrium (mucosa).
- Cell type?
- Layers?
- Simple columnar that FORM GLANDs
2 layers:
Functionalis - Superficially
Basailis - Deep
63
What the the myometrium?
Muscularis externa of the body/fundus of the uterus
64
What does the myometrium consist of?
- Smooth muscle in a variety of orientations
| - VERY THICK
65
What are the 3 layers of the body/fundus of the uterus?
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Serosa
66
How do the functionalis and basalis layers differ?
Functionalis:
Changes during mentrual period
Thicker than basalis
Basalis:
Stays the same through period
Higher cell density
67
Uterine glands:
- How are they formed?
- How deep do they go?
- Structural features?
- Job?
- Invaginations of surface epithelium
- Span the entire length of endometrium (through functionalis and basalis)
- Relatively straight with narrow lumen
-
68
What are spiral arteries?
- Arteries in endometrium whose distal part (in functionalis) is under HORMONAL control
69
Describe the secretory phase (post ovulation) of the endometrium.
- Hormones
- Changes in characteristics
- Progesterone released by the CORPUS LUTEUM causes changes in functionalis layer
FUNTIONALIS:
- Thickens
- Cells become Longer
- Uterine Glands DILATED and CORK SCREW Shaped - absorb GLYCOPROTEIN rich secretory product
- Edema - Lamina Propria cells more spread out
70
Why is the functionalis highly vascularized with glycoprotein rich secretions during Secretory Phase?
- Its preparing for Implantation
| - Needs to provide nutrition for the embyo
71
What triggers the menstrual phase?
- no implantation
| - NO MORE ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE from CORPUS LUTEUM
72
Describe the processes leading to menstruation in the menstrual phase.
1. Corpus Luteum stops making estrogen and progesterone
2. Spiral arteries start contracting making FUNCTIONALIS ischemic, eventually distal parts get DISCONNECTED
3. Capillaries in FUNCTIONALIS rupture
4. Lining Sloughs off --> Menstruation
73
What happens after menstruation?
Proliferative Phase Restarts
- Epithelial cells in basalis proliferate
- Epithelial cell reconstitute glands
- ECM is secreted
- Spiral aa. lengthen
74
What is secreted by:
- Granulosa Cells
- Granulosa Lutein Cells
Granulosa Cells - ESTROGEN
| Granulosa Lutein Cells - PROGESTERONE and ESTROGEN
75
What does FSH and LH do?
Stimulate the Growth of Follicles
76
A surge in what hormone causes ovulation?
LH
77
When in the mentrual cycle to granulosa cells begin to secrete:
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
Before Follicle Bursts:
Granulosa Cells - Estrogen
OVULATION - After Follicle Bursts:
Granulosa Lutein - Progesterone
78
What promotes the growth of the functionalis?
Estrogen
79
What promotes transition of endometrium from proliferative to secretory phase?
Estrogen + PROGESTERONE
80
Give the General Steps Leading to menstruation.
1. LH secreted by pituitary
2. Theca Cells receive LH then make Androgens
3. Granulosa Cells turn androgens to Estrogen
4. Estrogen causes thickening of ENDOMETRIUM
5. Follicle Bursts - granulosa cells make ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE now
6. ESTROGEN + PROGESTERONE causes endometrium to shift to Secetory Phase
7. Copus Luteum becomes corpus albicans no more hormones FUNCTIONALIS sheds
81
Compare the Lining of the Fundus/Body to the Cervix.
- Layers?
- Vasculature?
- Glands?
- Cell types?
Endometrium:
- NO basalis and functionalis
- NO spiral arteries
- Cervical (mucous) Glands, NOT uterine glands
Cell Type:
Uterus side - simple columnar
Vagina side - some stratified squamous non-keritinized
MYOMETRIUM:
- Thinner than fundus/body
82
What happens if Cervical mucous glands get clogged?
Nabothian Cysts
83
T or F: the transition in the cervix from Simple Columnar to SS non-keritinzed is maintained in the same position throughout life
FALSE, transition site during child bearing years, different before puberty, after menopause
84
What 3 layers does the vagina have?
Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
85
Describe the Mucosa and Muscularis of the Vagina.
- Lamina Propria?
- Glands?
Epithelium:
- Rugae (perpendicular to long axis)
- Stratified Squamous non-keritinized
- No glands
Lamina propria:
- HIGHLY VASCULARIZED
- Has Papilla projecting into epithelium
Muscularis:
Outer longitudinal and Inner Circular
86
Which part of the muscularis is thickest in the vagina?
The outer longitudinal layer is thicker than the inner circular layer
87
What are pap-smears?
Scraping of cells from cervical and vaginal mucosa used to detect cervical cancer and pre-cancerous conditions
88
Compare and contrast normal and abnormal cells and pap-smear.
Normal:
- Cells have small pyknotic nuclei
(pyknotic = condensed chromatin, indicating cell death)
Abnormal:
- Large nuclei
89
What metaplasia happens in cervix?
Simple Columnar to SS non-keritinized
- Happens in response to pathogenic stimulus
- can cause cancer
