Female/male Reproduction Flashcards
1
Q
What are the production sites of female sex hormones?
A
ovarian cells
corpus luteum
placenta
adipose tissue : testosterone –> estradiol
2
Q
Estrogen functions:
A
Menstrual cycle regulation
endometrial regeneration
reproductive organ maturation
non-sex related:
bone metabolism : aug. deposition
liver: fat regulation
neuroprotective
3
Q
By what is secreted progesterone?
A
Corpus luteum
4
Q
What are the functions of progesterone?
A
“pregnancy hormone”
endometrium thickening for implantation
uterus expansion + inhibition’s of contraction
inhibition HPG –> delay next cycle
breast alveoli development + lactation inhibition
immune tolérance to fetus
5
Q
How does the puberty culminate?
A
1st ejaculation
1st ovulation
6
Q
developing follicules
A
several follicles develop –> signe one is mature –> ovulation
remaining granulose cells –> corpus luteum
non-mature follicules –> atresia = degradation
7
Q
What is the first sign of puberty in females?
A
breast enlargement
8
Q
Prolactin –> ?
A
lactation + inhibits menstrual cycle
9
Q
Ocytocin –> ?
A
milk ejection
10
Q
What contains breast milk?
A
IgA and nutrients
11
Q
When is the luteal phase?
A
day 14
12
Q
when is the follicular phase?
A
day 10-14
13
Q
menses are how long?
A
2-8 days
14
Q
When does the Ovulation occur?
A
When LH, FSH, Estradiol peak
15
Q
What occurs after LH and estradiol drop?
A
increase in progesterone
16
Q
What is the menstrual cycle?
A
Hypothalamus –> GnRH –> ant pituitary –> FSH (follicular maturation) –> increase LH, decrease FSH –> ovulation –> corpus luteum –> increase progesterone –> decrease LH –> degeneration – decrease estrogen decrease progesterone –> menstruation
17
Q
What is the criteria for menopause?
A
1 year of amenorrhea
18
Q
What is peri menopause?
A
ovaries atrophy (# and quantity) heavy menses (uterine thickening) vasomotor flush (increase HR and T°, decrease BP)
19
Q
What happens to granulose cells left behind following ovulation?
A
corpus luteum
20
Q
How long is the ovule fertile?
A
12-24 hours
21
Q
How long is sperm fertile?
A
5 days
22
Q
when is the fertility window?
A
5 days prior to ovulation
23
Q
What is conception/fertilization ?
A
fertilized egg = zygote –> travel to uterus –> division –> blastocysts –> 3 days –> HCG –> maintain corpus luteum –> inhibits menses –> 7-10 days : blastocyst implantation
24
Q
What happens during the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
A
breast pain morning sickness tiredness increase pipi constipation
neural tube (week 3-4) 1st heartbeat (day 21-22) teratogen vulnerability (week 2-8) limb + heart malformation (before week 8)
25
What happens during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?
incréée appetite
leg cramp
linea nigra
Major organs
human appearance
1st movement (week 20)
26
What happens during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?
tiredness, urination, heartburns, indigestion, hemorrhoids, edema, backache, insomnia
last 6-8 weeks --> weight 2x
final organ dev: CNS, eyes, lungs
27
What are the criteria of Polycyctic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) ?
2 out of 3:
polycyclic ovaries
anovulation
hyperandrogenism
28
What happens when increase insulin, in PCOS?
abnormal HPG secretion pattern --> ovaries enlargement
29
What is the vicious cycle of PCOS ?
abnormal FSH/LH pattern --> decrease follicular attrition --> an ovulation --> abnormal FSH/LH pattern
30
What are de grades of pelvic organ prolapse?
Grade 1: halfway pre-hymen
grade2: hymen
grade 3: halfway post hymen
31
What are the 3 main causes of sexual dysfunction? in female
decrease libido
anorgasmia
dyspareunia
vaginismus: involuntary vaginal spasms caused by sex trauma
32
What are the manifestations of preterm labor?
vaginal bleeding
abdominal cramping
decease fetal activity
33
What are the hallmarks of preeclampsia?
hypertension
| proteinuria
34
What is the pathophysio of preeclampsia?
abnormal placentation --> uterine spiral artery fibrosis --> decrease fetal Blood supply + inflammation --> systemic vasoconstriction --> HT
35
What is HELLP in preeclampsia?
```
Hemolysis
Elevated
Liver enzymes
Low
Platelets
```
36
What are the manifestations of uterine rupture?
severe hemorrhages
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
placental abruption
37
What are the risk factor of shoulder dystocia?
short mother, more than 35 y-old
gestation more than 42
maternal Db
38
Risk factors of postpartum hemorrhages
decrease uterine tone
placenta tissue left behind
genital trauma
thrombin (clotting disorder)
39
What are the Sx of post/peripartum depression?
```
change in sleep
change in appetite
difficulty concentrating
anger/rage
sad
anxiety
```
40
What are the conditions to concern about NewBorn Hemolytic Disease?
Father Rh+
Mother Rh
Previous child Rh+
current fetus Rh+
41
What are the Sx of newborn hemolytic disease?
brain damage, deafness, blindness, severe abdo swelling, swollen liver, hydros fetalis
42
What are some teratogens ?
chemical altering fetal development
malformation dépendant on time of exposure
eg: Thalidomide
disturb angiogenesis --> alter human how gene 12-13
43
What is Alcohol triple-threat? In fetal alcohol syndrome
crosses placenta
affects fetal CNS development --> teratogen
no fetal detox enzymes --> increase exposure time
44
What are the consequences of fetal alcohol syndrome?
```
growth deficiency
craniofacial malformation
CNS damage
brain & hyppocampal lesions
epilepsy, motor disorders
learning disabilities
```
45
What is spina bifida?
neural tube defect --> incomplete cord closure
46
What are the complications of preterm newborn ?
lack of surfactant --> respirated distress syndrome
heart defects --> ductus arteriosus
increase risk of infection/CNS disorders / metabolic disorders
47
What is urethral stricture?
scarring/fibrosis or urethra
long term: hydronephrosis & renal failure
manif: painful/diff ejaculation
bladder obstruction
decrease urinary stream force and frequency
48
What is phimosis?
penis foreskin cannot retract
--> urinary obstruction
49
What is paraphimosis ?
penis foreskin cannot cover glans
--> glans necrosis
50
What is peyronie disease?
penis tissue fibrosis --> curvature --> sex dysfunction
local vasculitis --> decrease penis O2 -->fibrosis & calcification
- painful/incomplete erectionand intercourse
51
What is priapism ?
painful prolonged penile erection
spinal cord trauma, infections, sickle cell disease
52
What is Varicocele ?
abnormal spermatic cord vein dilation
right: vena cava obstruction
pathophys: incompetent valves --> decrease testis BF --> decrease spermatogenesis & fertility
53
What is Hydrocele ?
abnormal testicular fluid accumulation
| testi BF compression --> testicular atrophy
54
What is Testicular Torsion?
twist scrotal BF --> acute scrotum = pain & swelling
- decrease BF: ischemia
- high riding tender testis
- connot identify epididymis
55
What is orchitis ?
accuse testicular infection
most common: mumps
ascend urethra
syst infection of epididymis complications
56
What is epididymitis ?
inflammation of epididymis
- bacterial infection scene via vasa deferential
- urethral strictures --> urine reflux --> chemical epididymitis
57
What is gynecomastia?
estrogen-testosterone imbalance
- ++estro/testos N : estro tumor/therapy
- estro N/- - testo (malnut, obesity, cirrhose)
- breast tissue more responsive to estrogen than testos
58
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPP)?
urethra compression --> urine flow obstruction
59
What are the causes of BPP?
endocrine & growth factor imbalance
estrogen increase prostatic growth
hallmarks:
- local inflammable & angiogenesis
- fibroblasts --> myofibroblasts remodeling
slow and insidious nodular hyperplasia
60
What are the 4 impairments of Sexual Dysfunction (male) ?
1. libido
2. erection
3. emission
4. ejaculation
61
What are the 2 spermatogenesis impairments?
1. decrease in sperm production
days of HPT axis, Leydig or Sertoli cells dysfunction, genetic, chronic disease, trauma, chemo/Rx
2. decrease in sperm quality
ROS (geneticmutations) , infections/spermicid (decrease motility or #)
62
What happens when loss of all sex hormone-binding globulins (SHBG)
large increase in spermatogenesis
63
What is the erection reflex?
sexual stimulation --> increase parasympathetic, decrease sympathetic --> corpus fill up with blood (modulated by CNS)
64
What are the penis functions?
sperm delivery --> ejaculation
| urine excretion
65
What are the functions of testes?
1. spermatogenesis
| 2. sex hormone synthesis
66
What is optimal for spermatogenesis ?
scrotum with testes "hang" outside
| 1-2° degree less than body T°
67
What is the role of Leydig cells ?
testosterone synthesis
68
Where does the spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules
69
What are the hormones in Testosterone regulation ?
- GnRH. --> pituitary --> FSH: Sertoli cell --> mature sperm
LH: leydig cell --> testosterone
- pituitary--> prolactin : maintain testosterone production
- testes --> inhibant --> potentiate LH --> maintain testosterone production
70
What does testosterone convert to (in testosterone regulation) ?
testosterone conversion --> estrogen or dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
71
testosterone bounds to ?
SEx Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)
--> alterations in SHBG --> affects testosterone effects
72
Which cell provide nutrients in response to testosterone?
Sertoli cells
73
What are the steps of spermatogenesis ?
1. DNA duplicates
2. Divided in 4 spermatogenesis
3. Packed in Acrosome
4. travel to Epididymis
74
What are the functions of epididymis ?
1. sperm conduction
2. sperm maturation
sperm stays 12+ days to improve motility and fertilisation power
75
Where is sperm stored after epididymis ?
vas deferens tail
76
What is sectioned in a vasectomy?
vasa deferentia
77
What composes SEMEN?
| From which glands is produced the fluid?
alkaline nutrient rich fluid + sperm
prostate, séminal vésiculaire, Cowper gland
78
What are the sperm ducts?
vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
79
What is ejaculation?
semen excretion
80
what is emission?
strong rythme contractions of :
- urethra
- penile muscles
- vas deferens
- epididymides
81
What is Andropause?
testosterone decline with age
82
What are the elements of andropause?
1. erectile dysfunction
2. hypogonadism
3. decrease in testosterone
- decrease response to FSH, LH
- decrease Leydig cells # and function
- muscle mass, cognitive, libido
