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Pathophys 2, Midterm > Female/male Reproduction > Flashcards

Female/male Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the production sites of female sex hormones?

A

ovarian cells
corpus luteum
placenta
adipose tissue : testosterone –> estradiol

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2
Q

Estrogen functions:

A

Menstrual cycle regulation
endometrial regeneration
reproductive organ maturation

non-sex related:
bone metabolism : aug. deposition
liver: fat regulation
neuroprotective

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3
Q

By what is secreted progesterone?

A

Corpus luteum

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4
Q

What are the functions of progesterone?

A

“pregnancy hormone”
endometrium thickening for implantation
uterus expansion + inhibition’s of contraction
inhibition HPG –> delay next cycle
breast alveoli development + lactation inhibition
immune tolérance to fetus

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5
Q

How does the puberty culminate?

A

1st ejaculation

1st ovulation

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6
Q

developing follicules

A

several follicles develop –> signe one is mature –> ovulation

remaining granulose cells –> corpus luteum

non-mature follicules –> atresia = degradation

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7
Q

What is the first sign of puberty in females?

A

breast enlargement

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8
Q

Prolactin –> ?

A

lactation + inhibits menstrual cycle

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9
Q

Ocytocin –> ?

A

milk ejection

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10
Q

What contains breast milk?

A

IgA and nutrients

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11
Q

When is the luteal phase?

A

day 14

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12
Q

when is the follicular phase?

A

day 10-14

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13
Q

menses are how long?

A

2-8 days

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14
Q

When does the Ovulation occur?

A

When LH, FSH, Estradiol peak

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15
Q

What occurs after LH and estradiol drop?

A

increase in progesterone

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16
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamus –> GnRH –> ant pituitary –> FSH (follicular maturation) –> increase LH, decrease FSH –> ovulation –> corpus luteum –> increase progesterone –> decrease LH –> degeneration – decrease estrogen decrease progesterone –> menstruation

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17
Q

What is the criteria for menopause?

A

1 year of amenorrhea

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18
Q

What is peri menopause?

A 
ovaries atrophy (# and quantity)
heavy menses (uterine thickening)
vasomotor flush (increase HR and T°, decrease BP)
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19
Q

What happens to granulose cells left behind following ovulation?

A

corpus luteum

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20
Q

How long is the ovule fertile?

A

12-24 hours

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21
Q

How long is sperm fertile?

A

5 days

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22
Q

when is the fertility window?

A

5 days prior to ovulation

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23
Q

What is conception/fertilization ?

A

fertilized egg = zygote –> travel to uterus –> division –> blastocysts –> 3 days –> HCG –> maintain corpus luteum –> inhibits menses –> 7-10 days : blastocyst implantation

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24
Q

What happens during the 1st trimester of pregnancy?

A 
breast pain 
morning sickness
tiredness
increase pipi
constipation 
neural tube (week 3-4)
1st heartbeat (day 21-22)
teratogen vulnerability (week 2-8)
limb + heart malformation (before week 8)
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25
Q

What happens during the 2nd trimester of pregnancy?

A

incréée appetite
leg cramp
linea nigra

Major organs
human appearance
1st movement (week 20)

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26
Q

What happens during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy?

A

tiredness, urination, heartburns, indigestion, hemorrhoids, edema, backache, insomnia

last 6-8 weeks –> weight 2x
final organ dev: CNS, eyes, lungs

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27
Q

What are the criteria of Polycyctic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) ?

A

2 out of 3:

polycyclic ovaries
anovulation
hyperandrogenism

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28
Q

What happens when increase insulin, in PCOS?

A

abnormal HPG secretion pattern –> ovaries enlargement

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29
Q

What is the vicious cycle of PCOS ?

A

abnormal FSH/LH pattern –> decrease follicular attrition –> an ovulation –> abnormal FSH/LH pattern

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30
Q

What are de grades of pelvic organ prolapse?

A

Grade 1: halfway pre-hymen
grade2: hymen
grade 3: halfway post hymen

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31
Q

What are the 3 main causes of sexual dysfunction? in female

A

decrease libido
anorgasmia
dyspareunia

vaginismus: involuntary vaginal spasms caused by sex trauma

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32
Q

What are the manifestations of preterm labor?

A

vaginal bleeding
abdominal cramping
decease fetal activity

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33
Q

What are the hallmarks of preeclampsia?

A

hypertension

proteinuria

34
Q

What is the pathophysio of preeclampsia?

A

abnormal placentation –> uterine spiral artery fibrosis –> decrease fetal Blood supply + inflammation –> systemic vasoconstriction –> HT

35
Q

What is HELLP in preeclampsia?

A 
Hemolysis
Elevated
Liver enzymes
Low 
Platelets
36
Q

What are the manifestations of uterine rupture?

A

severe hemorrhages
hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
placental abruption

37
Q

What are the risk factor of shoulder dystocia?

A

short mother, more than 35 y-old
gestation more than 42
maternal Db

38
Q

Risk factors of postpartum hemorrhages

A

decrease uterine tone
placenta tissue left behind
genital trauma
thrombin (clotting disorder)

39
Q

What are the Sx of post/peripartum depression?

A 
change in sleep 
change in appetite
difficulty concentrating
anger/rage
sad
anxiety
40
Q

What are the conditions to concern about NewBorn Hemolytic Disease?

A

Father Rh+
Mother Rh
Previous child Rh+
current fetus Rh+

41
Q

What are the Sx of newborn hemolytic disease?

A

brain damage, deafness, blindness, severe abdo swelling, swollen liver, hydros fetalis

42
Q

What are some teratogens ?

A

chemical altering fetal development
malformation dépendant on time of exposure

eg: Thalidomide
disturb angiogenesis –> alter human how gene 12-13

43
Q

What is Alcohol triple-threat? In fetal alcohol syndrome

A

crosses placenta
affects fetal CNS development –> teratogen
no fetal detox enzymes –> increase exposure time

44
Q

What are the consequences of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A 
growth deficiency
craniofacial malformation
CNS damage
brain & hyppocampal lesions
epilepsy, motor disorders
learning disabilities
45
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

neural tube defect –> incomplete cord closure

46
Q

What are the complications of preterm newborn ?

A

lack of surfactant –> respirated distress syndrome
heart defects –> ductus arteriosus
increase risk of infection/CNS disorders / metabolic disorders

47
Q

What is urethral stricture?

A

scarring/fibrosis or urethra

long term: hydronephrosis & renal failure

manif: painful/diff ejaculation
bladder obstruction

decrease urinary stream force and frequency

48
Q

What is phimosis?

A

penis foreskin cannot retract

–> urinary obstruction

49
Q

What is paraphimosis ?

A

penis foreskin cannot cover glans

–> glans necrosis

50
Q

What is peyronie disease?

A

penis tissue fibrosis –> curvature –> sex dysfunction
local vasculitis –> decrease penis O2 –>fibrosis & calcification

  • painful/incomplete erectionand intercourse
51
Q

What is priapism ?

A

painful prolonged penile erection

spinal cord trauma, infections, sickle cell disease

52
Q

What is Varicocele ?

A

abnormal spermatic cord vein dilation

right: vena cava obstruction
pathophys: incompetent valves –> decrease testis BF –> decrease spermatogenesis & fertility

53
Q

What is Hydrocele ?

A

abnormal testicular fluid accumulation

testi BF compression –> testicular atrophy

54
Q

What is Testicular Torsion?

A

twist scrotal BF –> acute scrotum = pain & swelling

  • decrease BF: ischemia
  • high riding tender testis
  • connot identify epididymis
55
Q

What is orchitis ?

A

accuse testicular infection

most common: mumps
ascend urethra
syst infection of epididymis complications

56
Q

What is epididymitis ?

A

inflammation of epididymis

  • bacterial infection scene via vasa deferential
  • urethral strictures –> urine reflux –> chemical epididymitis
57
Q

What is gynecomastia?

A

estrogen-testosterone imbalance

  • ++estro/testos N : estro tumor/therapy
  • estro N/- - testo (malnut, obesity, cirrhose)
  • breast tissue more responsive to estrogen than testos
58
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPP)?

A

urethra compression –> urine flow obstruction

59
Q

What are the causes of BPP?

A

endocrine & growth factor imbalance
estrogen increase prostatic growth

hallmarks:
- local inflammable & angiogenesis
- fibroblasts –> myofibroblasts remodeling
slow and insidious nodular hyperplasia

60
Q

What are the 4 impairments of Sexual Dysfunction (male) ?

A
  1. libido
  2. erection
  3. emission
  4. ejaculation
61
Q

What are the 2 spermatogenesis impairments?

A
  1. decrease in sperm production
    days of HPT axis, Leydig or Sertoli cells dysfunction, genetic, chronic disease, trauma, chemo/Rx
  2. decrease in sperm quality
    ROS (geneticmutations) , infections/spermicid (decrease motility or #)
62
Q

What happens when loss of all sex hormone-binding globulins (SHBG)

A

large increase in spermatogenesis

63
Q

What is the erection reflex?

A

sexual stimulation –> increase parasympathetic, decrease sympathetic –> corpus fill up with blood (modulated by CNS)

64
Q

What are the penis functions?

A

sperm delivery –> ejaculation

urine excretion

65
Q

What are the functions of testes?

A
  1. spermatogenesis

2. sex hormone synthesis

66
Q

What is optimal for spermatogenesis ?

A

scrotum with testes “hang” outside

1-2° degree less than body T°

67
Q

What is the role of Leydig cells ?

A

testosterone synthesis

68
Q

Where does the spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

69
Q

What are the hormones in Testosterone regulation ?

A
  • GnRH. –> pituitary –> FSH: Sertoli cell –> mature sperm
    LH: leydig cell –> testosterone
  • pituitary–> prolactin : maintain testosterone production
  • testes –> inhibant –> potentiate LH –> maintain testosterone production
70
Q

What does testosterone convert to (in testosterone regulation) ?

A

testosterone conversion –> estrogen or dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

71
Q

testosterone bounds to ?

A

SEx Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)

–> alterations in SHBG –> affects testosterone effects

72
Q

Which cell provide nutrients in response to testosterone?

A

Sertoli cells

73
Q

What are the steps of spermatogenesis ?

A
  1. DNA duplicates
  2. Divided in 4 spermatogenesis
  3. Packed in Acrosome
  4. travel to Epididymis
74
Q

What are the functions of epididymis ?

A
  1. sperm conduction
  2. sperm maturation

sperm stays 12+ days to improve motility and fertilisation power

75
Q

Where is sperm stored after epididymis ?

A

vas deferens tail

76
Q

What is sectioned in a vasectomy?

A

vasa deferentia

77
Q

What composes SEMEN?

From which glands is produced the fluid?

A

alkaline nutrient rich fluid + sperm

prostate, séminal vésiculaire, Cowper gland

78
Q

What are the sperm ducts?

A

vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

79
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

semen excretion

80
Q

what is emission?

A

strong rythme contractions of :

  • urethra
  • penile muscles
  • vas deferens
  • epididymides
81
Q

What is Andropause?

A

testosterone decline with age

82
Q

What are the elements of andropause?

A
  1. erectile dysfunction
  2. hypogonadism
  3. decrease in testosterone
    • decrease response to FSH, LH
      - decrease Leydig cells # and function
      - muscle mass, cognitive, libido

Pathophys 2, Midterm (4 decks)

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