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OBG > FEMALE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS > Flashcards

FEMALE INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Flashcards

1
Q

The female internal reproductive organs the

A

vagina,uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries

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2
Q

the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are target organs for ?

they play a unique part in the ?

A

estrogenic hormones,

reproductive cycle.

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3
Q

Vagina

A

-

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4
Q

Vagina is?
Connects?

A

muscular and membranous tube that

connects the external genitals with the uterus.

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5
Q

vagina extends from
In position?

A

A/from the vulva to the uterus
A/ in a position nearly parallel to the plane of the pelvic brim.

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6
Q

The vagina is often referred to as?

because?
T

A

A/ the birth canal
A/ it forms the lower part of the axis through
which the fetus must pass during birth.

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7
Q

The vagina has the following functions:

A

■ To serve as the passageway for sperm during coitus and for the fetus during birth
■ To provide passage for the menstrual blood flow from the uterine endometrium to the outside of the body
■ To protect against trauma from sexual intercourse and infection of the uterus, ovaries, and pelvis from pathogenic organisms

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8
Q

Because the cervix of the uterus projects into the upper part of the anterior wall of the vagina, the anterior wall is approximately 2.5 cm—- than the posterior wall.

A

shorter

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9
Q

Measurements range from——for the anterior wall
and
——for the posterior wall.

A

A/6 to 8 cm
A/7 to 10 cm

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10
Q

In the upper part of the vagina, which is called the?

A

vaginal vault

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11
Q

there is a recess or hollow around the cervix.
This area is called the

A

vaginal fornix.

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12
Q

The walls of the vagina are covered with

A

ridges, or rugae, crisscrossing each other.

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13
Q

These rugae allow the vaginal tissues to ?

A

-stretch enough for the fetus to pass through during childbirth
-stretch for accommodation during coitus.

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14
Q

During a woman’s reproductive life, the vaginal environment is?

Secretion from the vaginal epithelium provides a ?

A

A/normally acidic (pH 4 to 5 ).
A/moist environment.

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15
Q

The acidic environment of vagina is maintained by ?

A

a symbiotic relationship

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16
Q

a symbiotic relationship between ?

What they do ?

A

lactic acid-producing bacilli (Döderlein’s bacillus or lactobacillus) and the vaginal epithelial cells
A/which prevents the entry and growth of microorganisms

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17
Q

Uterus

A

-

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18
Q

The uterus is a

Like?

A

hollow, muscular, thick-walled organ shaped like an upside-down pear

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19
Q

It lies in the?

A

center of the pelvic cavity between the base of the bladder and the rectum and above the vagina .

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20
Q

Uterus It is level with or slightly below the?

A

brim of the pelvis with the external opening of the cervix (the external os) about the level of the ischial spines.

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21
Q

The uterus of the mature women weighs about

A

40 to 70 g
and is 6 to 8 cm long.

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22
Q

Generally, the uterus bends?

forming a ?

If there is a bend in the area of the isthmus of the
uterus, and from there the ?

the uterus is said to be ?

A

A1/forward
A2/sharp angle with the vagina.
A3/cervix points downward,
A4/anteverted or anteflexed.

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23
Q

Uterus Four pairs of ligaments?
They?

A

cardinal, uterosacral, round, and broad
support the uterus. Single anterior and posterior ligaments
also support the uterus.

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24
Q

The uterus is divided into two major parts

A

-an upper triangular portion called the—->corpus, or uterine body,
- a lower cylindric portion called the—>cervix .

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25
Q

The corpus comprises the?

is composed mainly of a?

The lower third is the ?

A

A1/upper two thirds of the uterus
A2/smooth muscle layer (myometrium)
A3/cervix, or neck.

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26
Q

The rounded uppermost
portion of the corpus that
extends above the points of
attachment of the fallopian
tubes is called the?.

A

fundus

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27
Q

The elongated portion of the uterus where the fallopian tubes enter is called the?

A

cornua

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28
Q

Isthmus is that portion of the uterus between the ?

A

internal cervical os and the endometrial cavity.

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29
Q

The isthmus is about—.?
above the?
and it is in this area that the?

A

6 mm
uterine opening of the cervix (the internal os),
A/uterine lining changes into the mucous membrane of the cervix;

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30
Q

Isthmus joins the

A

corpus to the cervix.

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31
Q

The isthmus takes on importance in?

because it ?

A

A/pregnancy
A/becomes the lower uterine segment.

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32
Q

Functions of the uterus

A

 The function of the uterus is to provide a safe environment for
fetal development.

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33
Q

The uterine lining is cyclically prepared by ?
a process known as ?
.

A

A/steroid hormones for implantation of the embryo,
A/nidation

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34
Q

UTERINE CORPUS – Layers

A

-

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35
Q

The outermost layer is the ?

which is composed of?
.

A

A/serosal layer, or perimetrium ,
A/peritoneum

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36
Q

The middle layer is the?

A

muscular uterine layer, or myometrium.

37
Q

The innermost layer of the uterine corpus is the?
which is composed of a ?

A

mucosal layer, or endometrium,
A/single layer of columnar epithelium, glands, and stroma

38
Q

The glands of the endometrium produce a
Function

A

thin, watery, alkaline secretion
that keeps the uterine cavity moist

39
Q

This endometrial milk function help

A

-sperm travel to the fallopian tubes
- also nourishes the developing embryo before it implants in the endometrium.

40
Q

The myometrium has three distinct layers of
uterine (smooth)voluntary muscles .
T/F

A

involuntary

41
Q

The outer layer, found mainly over the?

is made up of ?

that cause the ?

A

A1/fundus
A2/longitudinal muscles
A3/descent of the fetus, which places pressure on the cervical fibers leading to cervical effacement and delivery of the fetus.

42
Q

The thick middle layer is made up of?

that assist the ?

These muscle fibers surround?

their contraction produces a ?

A

A1/interlacing muscle fibers in figure-eight
patterns
A2/longitudinal fibers in expelling the fetus.
A3/large blood vessels,
A4/hemostatic action (a tourniquet-like action on blood vessels to stop bleeding after birth).

43
Q

The inner muscle layer consists of ?

that form sphincters at the ?

The internal os sphincter inhibits ?

A

A1/circular fibers
A2/fallopian tube attachment sites and at the internal os.
A3/the expulsion of the uterine contents during pregnancy but relaxes in labor as cervical dilatation occurs

44
Q

Cervix

A

-

45
Q

The distal end of the uterus is the

A

cervix

46
Q

cervix It meets the body of the ?
and
descends about 2.5 cm to?

A

A/uterus at the internal os
A2/connect with the vagina at the external os .

47
Q

Thus it provides a?

The cervix is divided by ?

A

A1/protective portal for the body of the uterus.
A2/its line of attachment into the vaginal and supravaginal areas.

48
Q

The vaginal cervix appears ?

A

pink and ends at the external os.

49
Q

The cervical canal appears ?

which contains ?

Most cervical cancer begins at this ?

A

A1/rosy red and is lined with columnar ciliated epithelium,
A2/mucus-secreting glands.
A3/squamocolumnar junction.

50
Q

The cervical mucosa has three functions:

A

■ To provide lubrication for the vaginal canal
■ To act as a bacteriostatic agent
■ To provide an alkaline environment to shelter deposited sperm from the acidic vaginal secretion

51
Q

Uterine Ligaments

A

The broad ligament
The round ligaments
The ovarian ligaments
The cardinal ligaments
infundibulopelvic ligament
uterosacral ligaments

52
Q

The broad ligament keeps the uterus ?

and provides ?

The broad ligament covers ?

extends ?

A

A1/centrally placed
A2/stability within the pelvic cavity.
A3/the uterus anteriorly and posteriorly
A4/outward from the uterus to enfold and stabilize the fallopian tubes.

53
Q

The round ligaments keep the ?

The round ligaments arise from ?

They extend ?
passing through ?

A

A1/uterus in place.
A2/the sides of the uterus near the fallopian tube insertions.
A3/outward between the folds of the broad ligament,
A4/the inguinal ring and canals and eventually fusing with the connective tissue of the labia majora.

54
Q

The ovarian ligaments anchor the ?
They are composed of ?

which allow the ligaments to ?

This contractile ability influences the ?

A

A1/lower pole of the ovary to the cornua of the uterus.
A2/muscle fibers
A3/contract.
A4/position of the ovary to some extent, thus helping the fimbriae of the fallopian tubes to “catch” the ovum as it is released each month.

55
Q

The cardinal ligaments are the ?

suspending the uterus from ?

These ligaments, also known as ?

These ligaments prevent?

A

A1/chief uterine supports,
A2/the side walls of the true pelvis.
A3/Mackenrodt’s ligaments or transverse cervical ligaments, arise from the sides of the pelvic walls and attach to the cervix in the upper vagina.
A4/uterine prolapse and also support the upper vagina.

56
Q

The infundibulopelvic ligament are

Arising from the?

the infundibulopelvic ligament contains ?

A

A1/suspends and supports the ovaries.
A1/outer third of the broad ligament,
A3/the ovarian vessels and nerves.

57
Q

-The uterosacral ligaments provide ?

A

support for the uterus and cervix at the level of the ischial spines.

58
Q

-Fallopian Tubes

A

-

59
Q

The two fallopian tubes, also known as ?

arise from ?

A

A1/oviducts or uterine tubes
A2/each side of the uterus and reach almost to the side of the pelvis, where they turn toward the ovaries.

60
Q

Each tube is approximately—— cm long.
A short section of each fallopian tube is ?

The fallopian tubes link the ?

A

1/8 to 13.5
A2/inside the uterus; its opening into the uterus is 1 mm in diameter.
A3/peritoneal cavity with the uterus and vagina

61
Q

The fallopian tube isthmus

It is the site of ?
.

A

-is straight and narrow,
-with a thick muscular wall
- an opening (lumen) 2 to 3 mm in diameter.
A2/tubal ligation (a surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy

62
Q

Next to the isthmus is the ?

which comprises the ?

What usually occurs here ?

A

A1/curved ampulla,
A2/outer two thirds of the tube.
A3/Fertilization of the secondary oocyte by a spermatozoon usually occurs here .

63
Q

Fertilization of the secondary oocyte by a spermatozoon usually occurs in?

A

curved ampulla

64
Q

The ampulla ends at the?

A

fimbria

65
Q

fimbria, which is a ?

The longest of these, the ?

A

A1/funnel-like enlargement with many moving fingerlike projections (fimbriae) reaching out to the ovary.
A2/fimbria ovarica, is attached to the ovary to increase the chances of intercepting the ovum as it is released

66
Q

Walls of fallopian tube

A

-

67
Q

The wall of the fallopian tube is made up of four layers:

A

peritoneal (serous),
subserous (adventitial),
muscular,
mucous tissues.

68
Q

The— covers the tubes.

A

peritoneum

69
Q

The subserous layer contains ?

the muscular layer is responsible for ?

A

A1/the blood and nerve supply,
A2/the peristaltic movement of the tube.

70
Q

The mucosal layer, immediately next to the ?
is composed of ?

with the number of ?

A

A1/muscular layer
A2/ciliated and nonciliated cells
A3 /ciliated cells more abundant at the fimbria.

71
Q

Nonciliated cells secrete a ?
The constantly moving tubal cilia propel?

A

A1/protein-rich, serous fluid that nourishes the ovum.
A2/the ovum toward the uterus. Because the ovum is a large cell, this ciliary action is needed to assist the tube’s muscular layer peristalsis.

72
Q

Functions of fallopian tube

A

■ To provide transport for the ovum from the ovary to the uterus (transport through the fallopian tubes varies from 3 to 4 days)
■ To provide a site for fertilization
■ To serve as a warm, moist, nourishing environment for the ovum or zygote.

73
Q

Ovaries

A

-

74
Q

The ovaries are ?

A

two almond-shaped glandular structures just below the pelvic brim.

75
Q

One ovary is located ?

Their size varies among ?

A

A1/on each side of the pelvic cavity.
A2/women and according to the stage of the menstrual cycle.

76
Q

Each ovary
weighs 6 to 10 g
is 1.5 to 3 cm wide,
2 to 5 cm long,
1 to 1.5 cm thick

A
77
Q

The ovary is held in place by ?

A

the ovarian, broad, and infundibulopelvic ligaments

78
Q

Layers of Ovary

A

-

79
Q

A single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells, called the ?
covers the ?
.

A

germinal epithelium,

ovaries

80
Q

The ovaries are composed of three layers:

A

the tunica albuginea,
the cortex,
the medulla.

81
Q

The tunica albuginea is ?

serves as a ?

A

1/dense and dull white
2/protective layer.

82
Q

The cortex is the ?

containing ?
.

A

1/main functional part,
2/ova, graafian follicles, corpora lutea, degenerated corpora lutea (corpora albicantia), and degenerated follicles

83
Q

The medulla is completely surrounded by ?

contains the ?

A

the cortex
2/nerves and the blood and lymphatic vessels

84
Q

The ovaries are the primary source of two important hormones:

A

the estrogens and progesterone.

85
Q

Estrogens are associated with ?

including ?

The ovaries secrete large amounts of ?

A

A1/characteristics contributing to femaleness,
A2/breast alveolar lobule growth and duct
development.
A3/estrogens;

86
Q

Progesterone is often called the ?

A

hormone of pregnancy because it
- inhibits uterine contractions
- relaxes smooth muscle to cause vasodilation,
- allowing pregnancy to be maintained .

87
Q

The—— is the primary source of progesterone during pregnancy.

A

placenta

88
Q

Progesterone This hormone also inhibits the action of ?

thereby preventing ?

A

1-prolactin in α- lactalbumin synthesis,
2-lactation during pregnancy

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