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Cardiopulmonary test 1 > Feline upper respiratory tract syndrome > Flashcards

Feline upper respiratory tract syndrome Flashcards

1
Q

predisposing environmental factors

A
  • poor hygiene practices
  • suboptimal temperatures
  • poor ventilation
  • poor quarantine policies
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2
Q

etiological agents?

A

Feline Calicivirus

Feline herpesvirus

Chlamydophilia felis

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3
Q

synergistic or opportunistic infections

A
  • Mycoplasma felis*
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica*
  • Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, Staph, Strep, E. coli, Klebsiella*
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4
Q

Feline Calicivirus Characteristics

A

survives in environment up to 10 days at RT

Mode of transmission: direct, close contat, aerosols, fomites, feces, urine, carrier cats

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5
Q

Felfine Herpesvirus characteristics

A

24 hours at RT-fragile outer lipid envelope

mode of transmission: direct close contact, aerosols, fomites, vertical transmission, carrier cats

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6
Q

Chlamydophilia

A

survives a short period at RT

mode of transmission: direct, close contact, aerosol, fomites, feces & urine, carrier cats

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7
Q

Pathogenesis of Feline Calicivirus

A

incubation 2-6 days

infects oropharyngeal and URT epithelia and conjunctiva

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8
Q

Clinical signs for Felie Calicivirus

A

conjunctivitis

sneezing and nasal d/c

oral ulceration

lethargy, fever, pneumonia

limping kitten syndrome

last 1-3 weeks

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9
Q

Carriers of Feline Calicivirus

A

~50% become chronic carriers

tonsils and nasopharyngeal tissue

chronic continuous shedding

gingival redness or lymphoproliferative lesions

concurrent FIV shedding

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10
Q

Feline Calicivirus associated virulent systemic disease

A

highly contagious, spread through fomites

novel, genetically distinct strains of FCV isolated from infected cats

affects healthy, adult vaccinated cats

outbreaks

50% mortality

rapid disease spread

signs: fever, edema (limb & face), skin lesions (sores, crusts, alopecia)

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11
Q

pathogenesis of feline herpesvirus1

A

incubation period is 2-6 days

replicates in tonsil and respiratory tissue

local superficial necrosis of oral mucosa

secondary bacterial infection

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12
Q

Clinical signs of feline herpesvirus1

A

serous nasal/ocular d/c initially which progresses to mucopurulent and sneezing

poss sev conjunctivitis

resolves within 2-3 weeks

fever, anorexia, hypersalivation

pharyngitis, oral ulceration (uncommon)

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13
Q

complications of feline herpesvirus1

A

persistent and/or recurrent rhinitis (osteolysis and atrophy of nasal turbinates, predispose to bacterial inf)

repro tract (abort, fetal resorption)

CNS signs

ulcerative facial & nasal dermatitis

mortality (70% in kittens)

ocular complications

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14
Q

ocular com,plications of feline herpesvirus1

A

corneal ulceration (Dendritic ulcers)

conjunctivitis neonatorum

recurrent, refractory keratitis

corneal sequestration

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15
Q

Carrier cats of feline herpesvirus1

A

80-100% of infected ats

latency in trigeminal ganglia, optic nerves, olfactory bulbs, cornea

shed only intermittently for short perios

stress!

spontaneous shedding without clin sxs

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16
Q

Clinical signs of Chlamydophilia felis

A

incubation 3-5 days

ocular pathogen

sev persistent conjunctivitis

blepharospasm, chemosis

serous to mucopurulent ocular d/c

+/- sneezing, nasal d/c

improve with 1-3 weeks

17
Q

Carrier cat of Chlamydophilia felis

A

unclear status

conjunctiva, feces, urine

most stop after 60 days

18
Q

DDx for nasal d/c

A
  • FHV
  • FCV
  • Chlamydophilia felis
  • Bordetella
  • Mycoplasma
  • Secondary bacterial inf
  • Cryptococcus
  • Choanae atresia
  • nasopharyngeal polyp
  • larval migration
  • allergic dz
  • neoplasia (older cats)
  • severe dental dz
19
Q

Dx of URI

A

imaging: Nasal rads, Rhinoscopy, CT, MRI scans

Viral: virus isolation, serology, PCR assays

bacterial: cytology, PCR, cultures

20
Q

Nasal rads

A

osteolysis, turbinate loss possible

fluid density common

bilateral

21
Q

rhinoscopy

A

often not helpful

expensive, size limitations

22
Q

virus isolation

A

low sensitivity

nasal, conjunctival, oropharyngeal swabs

23
Q

Serology

A

acute and convalescent titers

often not practical

results difficult to interpret

24
Q

PCR assays

A

rapid inexpensive, sensitive

deep nasal swabs, nasal bx, conjunctival swabs

feline upper respiratory disease panel

ID of nucleic acid sequence does not equal dz causation

can’t differentiate between pathogen and vaccine strain

intermittent shedding of virus

25
Q

Cytology

A

cytoplasmic inclusion bodies from conjunctival smears (Giemsa stain)

present early in inf

poor sens and spec

26
Q

PCR for Chlamydophilia felis

A

best sens and spec

27
Q

tx for viral URI

A

symptomatic: fluid therapy, clean nostrils and eyes, nutritional support, +/- hospitalization

antiviral meds: topical idoxuridine and trifluridine, oral famciclovir)

abx for secondary inf

Chronic cases: L-lysine, aerosolization, 0.25% phenylephrine IN, nasal flushing, Zithromax, intermittent abx

28
Q

Tx for bacterial infections

A

symptomatic care

tetracycline

all household cats should be treated

29
Q

prognosis

A

2-3 weeks

+/- intermittent rhinitis

chronic snufflers

30
Q

disease control

A

proper hygiene and animal handling

1:32 bleach:detergent solution

improve ventilation and temp

proper quarantine procedures

Vaccination

31
Q

Feline Cryptococcus neoformans

A

most common systemic fungal disease

saphrophytic, budding yeast

growth enhanced in pigeon droppings

32
Q

Pathogenesis of Cyrptococcus

A

entry via respiratory tract

localization in nasal cavity & sinsuses

smaller organisms reach alveoli

33
Q

Clinical signs of Cryptococcus

A

sneezing

stertorous breathing

chronic nasal d/c (uni or bilateral, mucopurulent, blood tinged)

swelling, facial deformity

protrusion of granulomas from nares

34
Q

Physical exam findings for Cryptococcus

A

regional lymphadenopathy

skin lesions (nodules, ulcerative, exudativee)

neurologic sxs (lethargy, blindness, ataxia, paresis, paralysis, seizures)

ocular lesions

35
Q

Dx for cryptococcus

A

Rad findings: increased soft tissue density, +/- bone destruction

cytology: organisms on smear

biopsy

fungal cultures

antigen titers

36
Q

tx for cryptococcus

A

antifungal therapy: itraconazole, amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, fluconzale, ketoconazole

treat for 2 months past resolution of clinican signs

37
Q
A

Cardiopulmonary test 1 (9 decks)

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