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Intro to functional marine bio > Feeding & Digestion > Flashcards

Feeding & Digestion Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the only life forms to have evolved on land?

A

Uniramia/insects

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2
Q

What is the only organism not fuelled by solar energy/photosynthesis?

A

Those that rely of deep sea vents or cold seeps (chemoautotrophs)

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of feeding?

A

Small particle feeding (in suspension or already breaking down (detritivory)), large particle feeding (large amounts of low-grade) and fluid feeding

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4
Q

What is fluid feeding?

A

the direct uptake of dead organic matter (DOM) by the piercing of another organism

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5
Q

How do porifera feed?

A

suspension feeding using choanocytes - nutrients transferred via intracellular transfer.

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6
Q

What is external mucociliary food capture?

A

suspension feeding using external organ

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7
Q

How do polychaetes feed?

A

external mucociliary capture using branched, ciliated tenticles which capture particles from near-bottom currents

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8
Q

How do bryozoa and bivalves feed?

A

external mucociliary capture using modified gills with ciliation to generate water flow for gaseous exchange as well as particle capture

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9
Q

How do brachiopods feed?

A

external mucociliary capture using a modified lophophore

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10
Q

How do echinoderms feed?

A

external mucociliary capture with long, thin arms

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11
Q

How do holothurians feed?

A

External mucociliary capture using branched, ciliated, filamentous tentacles with mucus-producing glandular cells

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12
Q

What are the 3 forms of suspension feeding?

A

external mucociliary particle capture, external setose particle capture and non-ciliate mucus particle capture

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13
Q

Give 2 example organisms that use non-ciliated mucus particle capture

A

tube-dwelling polychaetes and gastropods

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14
Q

how do tube-dwelling polychaetes feed?

A

non-ciliated mucus particle capture by generating an opposing mucus-water counterflow.

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15
Q

How do gastropods feed?

A

non-ciliated mucus particle capture with mucus threads which spread out over surface and collect particles before being drawn back to the mouth

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16
Q

How do urochordates (tunicates) feed?

A

non-ciliated mucus particle capture using a fan

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17
Q

how do some polychaetes use non-ciliated mucus capture?

A

by forming temporary burrows and spread out a mucus lining within burrow. Movement of body draws water over mucus, allowing for particle capture.

18
Q

Name 3 organisms which use deposit feeding?

A

echiurans (spoon worms), bivalves and holothurians

19
Q

How do echiurans (spoon worms) feed?

A

deposit feeding using proboscis extension moving over sediment with cilia.

20
Q

How do burrowing bivalves feed?

A

deposit feeding using long, highly flexible siphon which reaches the sediment surface and acts as a vaccum

21
Q

how to echinoderms feed?

A

deposit feeding with a crown of tentacles spread out over sediment, ciliated with mucus to pick up particles. Mucus streams occasionally withdrawn using muscular action to the mouth.

22
Q

Name an organism that uses external setose particle capture

A

Crustaceans, e.g. barnacles, have limbs with hair-like setae acting like sieves (limbs occasionally drawn through the mouth for feeding)

23
Q

How do sipunculans feed?

A

deposit feeding using introvert with terminal mouth

24
Q

What is a nepheloid layer?

A

the sediment-water interface - area of strong near-bottom current

25
Q

Name 2 sediment interceptors

A

gorgonian cnidarians and crinoid echinoderms

26
Q

How may bivalves act as predators?

A

they have hook-like structures developed from their foot used to scoop up jellies and crustacea

27
Q

How may gastropods act as predators?

A

with spiked oral hoods to capture gelatinous organisms or small fish

28
Q

What is a rynchocoel?

A

an internal cavity in a nemertea that hold the proboscus

29
Q

Which organisms use fluid feeding?

A

Nematodes and most meiofauna

30
Q

What are the two types of symbionts and how do they differ?

A

Photosynthetic symbionts (using chloroplasts of other organisms) and thiobiotic symbionts (using hydrogen sulphates generated by other organisms near hydrothermal vents)

31
Q

Name a key difference in the digestive system of a platyhelminth and a nemertean?

A

platyhelminths have a blind-ended gut as opposed to a through-gut, which only allows for episodic feeding.

32
Q

What are the key characteristics of a predator’s gut?

A

Predator guts are generally shorter with stronger proteolytic enzymes in a highly acidic stomach (to allow for faster digestion)

33
Q

What are the 3 sections of the gut?

A

The foregut (chemical), mid-gut (mechanical), and hind-gut (chemical)

34
Q

How can the 3 sections of the gut be defined embryonically?

A

the foregut and hindgut both have an ectoderm from their formation from blastula indents

35
Q

What does the fore-gut consist of and what happens there?

A

mouth, where glands may produce saliva, toxins, and/or anticoagulants, the pharynx and oesophagus where mechanical and chemical breakdown continues

36
Q

What does the mid-gut consist of and what happens there?

A

a muscular stomach containing acid for breakdown of food (may also include a gizzard for intense mechanical activity), a small (may include hepatopancreas/liver) and large intestine.

37
Q

What caused the secondary loss of the through gut?

A

animals requiring minimal digestion and little/no excretion

38
Q

Describe the process food goes through from suspension feeding?

A

mucus passes into gut, where it undergoes a lower pH, causing a change in nature of mucus from stringy to liquid, releasing food particles into the stomach. After returning to an alkaline environment in the intestine, mucus facilitates the formation of faecal pellets

39
Q

How to lophophorates and molluscs draw in food without using mucociliary action?

A

they use a continous rope of mucus winched in by a rod of faecal material. In molluscs, a rod of hyaline protein forms a crystalline style to grind food and also contains digestive enzymes

40
Q

How is wood boring ecologically important?

A

it contributed to the flow of carbon through a marine ecosystem

41
Q

Name 2 organisms that have adaptations for the breakdown of difficult material

A

Limnoria and Teredo

42
Q

what are cestodes?

A

parasites that live in the gut of their host, so that all digestion is done by the host.

Intro to functional marine bio (10 decks)

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