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Conservation Policy > Federal Terrestrial Protected Areas > Flashcards

Federal Terrestrial Protected Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Explain what Target 1 is for Canada’s 2020 targets that were created in response to CBD Aichi Targets. What are the indicators?

A

Target 1: At least 17% of terrestrial areas and inland water, and 10% of coastal and marine areas, are conserved through networks of protected areas and other effective area based conservation measures.

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2
Q

What are the indicators of Canada’s 2020 Target 1?

A

L> percentage of total terrestrial territory (including inland water) conserved in projected areas and other effective area based conservation measures.
L> percentage of total coastal and marine territory conserved in marine protected areas and other effective area based conservation measures

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3
Q

What is Goal A of Canada’s 2020 targets?

A
  • By 2020 Canada’s lands and waters are planned and managed using an ecosystem approach to support biodiversity conservation outcomes at local , regional and national scales
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4
Q

What is the progress like so far for terrestrial areas including inland waters AND marine area within national jurisdiction ?

A

Percentage protected:

  1. Terrestrial: 14.7 %
  2. Marine: 10.1 %
  • *target = 17%
  • *this is global progress
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5
Q

What is the IUCN’s definition of a protected area?

A
  • A clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, o achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values
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6
Q

What are the IUCN protected area management categories ?

A
  1. Strict Nature Reserve
  2. Wilderness area
  3. National park
  4. Natural monument
  5. Habitat / species management area
  6. Protected landscape / seascape
  7. Protected area within sustainable use of natural resources
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7
Q

Wha is the overall area protected in Canada, over the last 20 years?

A
  • it has nearly doubled over the last 20 years (1990-2015)
  • in the last five years alone it has increased 15%
  • *terrestrial is much higher than marine
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8
Q

Describe the scale of most protected areas in Canada.

A
  • less than 1% are larger than 5000km2
  • but these large areas comprise 59% of the total area protected
  • *basically many parks are tiny but we need larger parks to support our sp
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9
Q

Describe the jurisdictions associated with most terrestrial protected areas.

A
  • 58% are under Provincial / Territorial jurisdiction
  • 30% Are Federal: Parks Canada Agency
  • 10.5% are federal via Environment Canada
  • 0.9% are federal via agriculture and agri food Canada (community Pastures)
  • 0.2% are private lands
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10
Q

How many national parks are in Canada?

A

44

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11
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

UN Convention on Biological Diversity (1992), Aichi Targets (2010), UN CBD Strategic Plan for 2011-2020 (2011).

A
  • Federal body: multiple (EC/DFO/PC)

- Expansion of existing protected area networks

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12
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

Canadian Biodiversity Strategy (1995), 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets in Canada (2015)

A
  • Federal body: Multiple (EC/DFO/PC)

- Strategic development of existing programs and policies

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13
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

  • Canada Wildlife Act (1985), Canada Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994).
A
  • Federal body: Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service)
  • National Wildlife Areas (51), Marine Wildlife Area, Migratory bird sanctuaries (92)
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14
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

  • Parks Canada Agency Act (1998) and National Parks Act (2000)
A
  • Federal body: Parks Canada

- National Parks and Park reserves (44)

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15
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

  • Oceans Act (1996)
A
  • Federal Body: Fisheries and Oceans Canada

- marine protected areas (8), Ecol and Biol signif areas (100+)

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16
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

  • National Marine Conservation Areas Act (2002)
  • Fisheries Act (1985)
A
  • Federal body: Parks Canada; Fisheries and Oceans Canada/ Environment Canada
  • National Marine Conservation Area (2+2).
  • NA. But fishery closures designated in spatial units
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17
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

  • CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in Wild Flora and Fauna), 1975
A
  • Federal Body: Environment Canada (Canadian Wildlife Service)
  • NA
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18
Q

Explain the federal body and physical lands associated with:

  • Species at Risk Act, 2002
A
  • Federal Body: Environment Canada (COSEWIC)
  • Specific link with PC (National Parks and Nat. Marine Conservation Areas) but elsewhere critical habitat is designated in spatial units
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19
Q

What are the three relevant pieces of legislation / policy associated with terrestrial national parks?

A
  1. Parks Canada Agency Act, 1998
  2. National Parks Act, 2000
  3. Indian Act, 1876 (Parks Reserves)
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20
Q

What is the difference between a National Park and a Park Reserve?

A
  • Park Reserve:
    L> are defined as protected areas that have not yet been brought under federal jurisdiction due to outstanding matters (such as aboriginal rights)
  • National Park
    L> Canadian Provinces and Territories
    Parks in Canada’s provinces and territories
    Canada’s National Parks are protected areas under the Canada National Parks Act, owned by the Government of Canada and administered for the benefit, education, and enjoyment of the people of Canada and its future generations.[1] National parks are administered by Parks Canada, a Crown agency operating under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change.
    L> protect the ecological integrity of the land and allow the public to explore, learn about and enjoy Canada’s natural spaces
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21
Q

What are the main mandates of Parks Canada?

A
  • Education , Experience and Protection
  • Protect and prevent nationally sig ex of Canada’s natural and cultural heritage and foster public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment in ways that ensure their ecological and commemorative integrity for present and future generations
22
Q

Explain tenants of Parks Canada Agency Act (1998)

A
  • It establishes the Parks Canada Agency
  • Goal:
    L> protect the nationally significant examples of Canada’s natural and cultural heritage
    L> Present heritage via interpretive and educational programs for public understanding, appreciation and enjoyment
    L> carry out Canada’s international obligations and agreements to protect, conserve and present that heritage and to contribute towards the protection and presentation of global heritage and biodiversity
    L> include representative maples of Canada’s land and marine natural regions
    L> maintain or restore the ecological integrity of national parks
    L> ensure the ecological sustainable sue of national marine conservation areas
    L> manage visitor use and tourism to ensure both he maintenance of ecological and commemorative integrity and a quality experience ins uscg heritage and natural areas for this and future generations

**remember PC was established in 1911..it just existed under a different name / acts

23
Q

Explain the National Parks Act (2000)

A
  • basically outlines human uses and enforcement (things like harvesting, land conversion)
  • Authorization of Activity
    L> Minister cannot allow anything that will impair the wilderness character of an area.
  • Authority is designated for certain activities via regulation
    L> Governor in Council (appt in PC) can make regulations that respect customary practices in Wood buffalo National Park and Wapusk National Park
  • Powers of Park Superintendent
    L> they have a lot of power wrt enforcement of regulations
    L> can vary any requirement of the regulation for purposes of public safety or conservation of NR
    • there are various regulations under this Act
  • Ex: Gros Morne National Park of Canada Snowshoe Hare Regulations
24
Q

Explain ecological integrity within the context of PC.

A
  1. Ecological Integrity
    L> a condition determined to be characteristic of its natural region and likely to persist, including abiotic components and the composition and abundance of native sp and biological communities, rates of change and supporting processes.

**abiotic and biotic components of an ecosystem and composition + abundant eof active sp and biological communities are characteristic of their natural regions and rates of change and ecosystem processes are unimpeded.

25
Q

What are examples of external stressors for ecological integrity ?

A
  • damns
  • temperature increases
  • pollution
  • deforestation ? / habitat alteration around it
26
Q

What are examples of internal stressors for ecological integrity ?

A
  • people
  • waste
  • roads/ vehicles
  • construction / habitat alteration
27
Q

What are two ways of mitigation for internal stressors of ecological integrity ?

A
  • corridors

- fences

28
Q

How does PC assess ecological integrity ?

A
  • cyclical adaptive management process
  • 10 year between “State of Report” document (assess condition and trends of all indicators..assesses effectiveness of management activities ) and the next internal analysis
29
Q

What are state of the park reports?

A
  • provide an essential adaptive management element by which key and is brought together, analyzed and interpreted so that it can be applied to the planning and management of national parks
  • must be updated every 10 years
    • reports on ecological integrity, aboriginal perspectives, cultural resources and connection to place.
    • required by PCAPMPG (2008)
30
Q

Explain the integrated pest management directive for invasive and hyper abundant species.

A
  • pesticide use will only be considered when a pests activity exceeds the treatment threshold for a particular pest.
    *control for a pest when no other method is avail
    *insects
    *noxious weeds
    *plant diseases
  • reduce or eliminate pops of introduced invasive
    *control insect etc the threaten survival of sp that are threatened or endangered
    L> limit pop of target organisms that are decreasing eco integrity
    L> reduce sp that may harm human health L>control sp that threaten cultural resources
    L> control pests that may interfere with function or use of areas
31
Q

What are hyper abundant sp?

A
  • when their numbers clearly exceed the upper range of natural variability that is characteristic of the ecosystem and were there is a demonstrated impact on eco integrity
32
Q

When can a sp become hyper abundant?

A
  1. predators removed
  2. When there is a food subsidy, such as vail garbage etc
  3. Competitors are reduced or removed
  4. re-defined ecological niche
  5. Changing climate providing favourable conditions for reproduction and survival
33
Q

What are the wildlife regulations in national parks?

A
  • cannot hunt, disturb, hold inc activity or destroy any wildlife in a park (unless Indigenous Peoples are performing customary activity)
    • BUTTTT a superintendent can autho the removal, relocation or destruction fo wildlife for sci reasons or management
34
Q

How does PC manage hyper abundant wildlife ?

A
  • agency wide directive for their management
  • ” parks Canada first priority “
    L> this also increases public involvement in management
    L> provides guidelines for harvesters and management
    **release pesticides etc similar interventions
35
Q

How does PC manage hyper abundant wildlife ?

A
  • agency wide directive for their management
  • ” parks Canada first priority “
    L> this also increases public involvement in management
    L> provides guidelines for harvesters and management
    **release pesticides etc similar interventions

*** needs to be based on sci knowledge, and use methods that are feasible, duplicate natural processes AND inclusion of traditional knowledge where relevant (I don’t like that wording…most parks likely overlap with Indigenous land)

36
Q

Explain the case study of Double breasted cormorant impacts by being hyper abundant .

A
  • depositor of quant by this sp kills trees and other vegetation via inhibiting PS and changing soil chemistry
  • They also strip veg for their nest material
  • Cormorants compete for nest sites with other colonial nesting water birds.
  • Middle Island Conservation Plan
    L> 5 year plan with the goal to restore eco integrity on Middle Island using an adaptive management approach
    **included: culling of adult birds, physical removal of tests and utilization of deterrents, ongoing research, monitoring and restoration
37
Q

What is the purpose of a national park / reserve? Who owns them?

A
  • representative sample of natural and cultural heritage

- federal government

38
Q

What is the purpose of a National Wildlife Area? Who owns them?

A
  • supports important populations of migratory birds, species at risk or rare or unusual wildlife habitat
  • federal government
39
Q

What is the purpose of a Migratory Bird Sanctuary? Who owns them?

A
  • supports and / or provides critical habitat for an important pop of migratory birds
  • Mix of private and public lands
40
Q

What is the Canada Migratory Birds Convention Act (1994)?

A
  • protect migratory birds in Canada and USA
  • prohibit the disturbance or destruction of migratory bird nests and eggs
  • applies to all lands and waters in Canada, regardless of ownership
  • Environment Canada is responsible for administering MBCA
41
Q

What avoidance guidelines are provided under the MBCA?

A
  • reduce risk of incidental take of migratory birds, nests and eggs and take a proactive approach towards avoidance and mitigation
  • Any activity on land or in waters of Canada, you are LEGALLY obligated to be aware of the protection and prohibitions around migratory birds
  • *assess the risk of effects before doing an activity
  • Env Canada conducts risk assessments on activities that could disturb migrating birds or their habitat
42
Q

What are the risk factors for migratory birds?

A
  1. Timing Windows
    L> sensitive periods like breeding and migration seasons post breeding moult and wintering stages, depending on the sp
  2. Physical locations
    L> breeding colony and feeding areas + migration staging sites
  3. Site-specific factors
    L> site sensitivity (migratory pathways, surrounding landscaping and habitat type, meteorological conditions like fog, areas of high bird concentration) and structure design + size (reflectivity of glass, lighting used, use of guy wires, height etc)
43
Q

What is the Canada Wildlife Act (1985)?

A
  • creation, management and protection of Wildlife areas for wildlife research activities or for conservation or interpretation of wildlife - Env Canada jurisdiction
  • Purpose: preserve habitats that are critical to migratory birds and other wildlife species, particularly those at risk
  • prevents harmful activity unless permit is granted
44
Q

What are national wildlife areas? (under Canada Wildlife Act)

A
  • contains a wide diversity of habitat of national and in many cases, international importance
  • > 50% of areas contains critical habitat for species at risk in Canada
  • includes National wildlife areas and migratory bird sanctuaries
  • EC uses an ecosystem approach with these.
45
Q

What are prohibited activities and authorizations for National Wildlife Areas ? (under Canada Wildlife Act)

A
  • permitted activity cities are authorized via notices at the entrance or boundary areas or published in newspapers
  • prohibited activities ex:
    L> hunting / fishing
    L> possession of fire arms or other hunting devices
    L> possession / destroying of any wildlife carcass , nest or eggs
    L. damaging, destroying or removing a plant
    L> agricultural activity
    L> allowing a domestic animal to run at large
46
Q

Explain the permitting process for Protected areas under the Canada Wildlife Act and MBCA ?

A
  • scientific research relating to wildlife or habitat conservation
  • will not interfere with the conservation of wildlife; or
  • is consistent with the purpose for which the national wildlife area was established or the most recent management plan for the area

*issued by Minister and guided by EC

47
Q

What did Coristine et al 2018 list as 5 key principles for identifying lands for protection?

A
  1. Species at risk
  2. Representative ecosystems: recommend less focus.
  3. Intact wilderness
  4. Connectivity and resilience: corridors and functional connectivity
  5. Climate refugia
48
Q

What are the guiding principles for Environment Canada’s PA strategy (2011)?

A
  1. Protection First
  2. Science at the core of protected areas planning and management
  3. Environment Canada Network Designed to Complement Other Conservation Actions
  4. Network Designed and managed to a rapt to future ecological change
  5. ecosystem based management of protected areas
  6. environment canna works with others
49
Q

Where do most species at risk tend to be found?

A
  • around southern border of Canada and america
50
Q

What did Coristine et al 2018 critique the current approaches to PA planning in Canada for?

A
  • lack of transparent process and integration of science
  • Ecoregions are recommended to be the scale for defining representativeness in Canada vs ecozones in PA planning
  • very few protected areas have an area of >5000km2 which would likely conserve historic assemblage of species
  • connectivity
    L> protection efforts for one species that overlap in distribution with another species, will benefit both in the end. (song birds and woodland caribou etc)
  • the extent of protection from these areas varies greatly depending on the jurisdiction
  • ecosystem services are place specific
  • representativeness in particular assumes species pop, comm, and ecosystems will remain spatially static over time.
  • political dimension?
    L> site selection decisions should have an objective foundation in ecological criteria BEFORE balancing with another socio-political variable

Conservation Policy (11 decks)

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