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CHECKPOINT NOTES > FECES AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS > Flashcards

FECES AND OTHER BODY FLUIDS Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical significance of fecal analysis

A

Early detection of gastrointestinal bleeding
Liver and biliary duct disorders
Maldigestion or malabsorption syndromes
Inflammation
Causes of diarrhea
Identification of pathogenic bacteria and parasites

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2
Q

Normal fecal specimen composition

A

Water
Bacteria
Cellulose
Other undigested food stuffs
Gastrointestinal secretions
Bile pigments
Cells from the intestinal walls
Electrolytes

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3
Q

Final breakdown and reabsorption elements

A

Ingested proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats

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4
Q

Final breakdown and reabsorption site

A

Small intestine

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5
Q

Digestive enzymes elements

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Amino peptidase
Lipase

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6
Q

Digestive enzymes are secreted by the

A

Pancreas into the small intestines

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7
Q

Bile salts that help in fat digestion are provided by the

A

Liver

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8
Q

Any deficiency of the substances will result to [?] and the excess undigested or an absorbed material will [?]

A

Malbsorption or maldigestion
Appear in feces

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9
Q

The large intestine is capable of absorbing

A

~3000 mL or 3 L of water

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10
Q

Exceeds 3000 mL or 3 L of water

A

Diarrhea

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11
Q

When the fecal materials this a long time in the large intestine, it provides time for the additional water to be reabsorbed

A

Constipation

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12
Q

Brown color of the thesis results from the intestinal oxidation of [?] to [?], also from [?] to [?]

A

Stercobilinogen to Urobilin
Stercobilin to Hydrobilin

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13
Q

Increase in daily stool weight above 200 grams with increased liquidity and frequency of more than three times per day

A

Diarrhea

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14
Q

Diarrhea is classified according to

A

Duration of illness
Mechanism

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15
Q

(< 4 weeks)

A

Acute diarrhea

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16
Q

(> 4 weeks)

A

Chronic diarrhea

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17
Q

Increased secretion of water due to enterotoxin-producing organisms

A

Secretory diarrhea

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18
Q

E. coli, Clostridium, V. cholera, salmonella, shigella, staphylococcus, campylobacter, protozoa, and parasites such as cryptosporidium

A

Secretory diarrhea

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19
Q

Drugs
stimulant laxatives
hormones
inflammatory bowel disease (Chron disease, ulcerative colitis
lymphocytic colitis, diverticulitis)
endocrine disorders
neoplasms
collagen vascular disease

A

Secretory diarrhea

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20
Q

Where absorption due to incomplete breakdown (maldigestion) or reabsorption of food (malabsorption) which exerts osmotic pressure across the intestinal mucosa

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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21
Q

Causes:

Disaccharidase deficiency (lactose intolerance)
Malabsorption (celiac sprue)
Poorly absorbed sugars (lactose, sorbitol, mannitol)
Laxatives
Magnesium containing antacids
Amoebiasis
Antibiotic administration

A

Osmotic diarrhea

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22
Q

Fecal osmotic gap

A
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23
Q

Osmotic gap
Stool Na
pH
(-) reducing substances
Common fetal tests

A
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24
Q

Osmotic gap
Stool Na
pH
(-) reducing substances
Common fetal tests

A
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25
Q

Increase stool fat that exceeds 6 grams per day

A

Steatorrhea

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26
Q

Due to pancreatic insufficiency or disorders or to absence of bile salts

A

Steatorrhea

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27
Q

May also be present in malabsorption and maldigestion and can be distinguished by d xylose test

A

Steatorrhea

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28
Q

If d xylose is low, steatorrhea is caused by

A

Malabsorption

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29
Q

Causes of malabsorption

A

Bacterial overgrowth
Intestinal resection
Celiac disease
Tropical sprue
Lymphoma
Whipple disease
Giardia lamblia infestation
Chron disease
Intestinal ischemia

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30
Q

A normal d-xylose indicates

A

Pancreatitis

31
Q

Feces appear [?] in consistency and have a very [?]

A

Pale, greasy, bulky, spongy, or pasty
Strong odor

32
Q

Collect in a clean container and transferred to the laboratory container

A
33
Q

Specimen must not be contaminated with urine or toilet water

A
34
Q

Types of fecal specimen

A

Random
FOBT
3 day or 72 hour

35
Q

Collected in a plastic or glass containers and suitable for qualitative testing of blood and microscopic examination of leukocytes, muscle fibers, and fetal fats

A

Random

36
Q

Material collected on physician’s glove and applied to filter paper in occult blood testing

A

FOBT

37
Q

Collected in large containers for quantitative fecal fat testing

A

3 day or 72 hour

38
Q

Types of preservation

A

Physical
Chemical

39
Q

Regeneration

A

Physical preservation

40
Q

Containers that contain preservatives for ova and parasites must not be used to collect specimens for other tests

A

Chemical preservation

41
Q

Chemical preservatives

A

Formalin
95% ethanol
Glycerol in NSS, MIF, PVA

42
Q

Normal physical examination values for fecal analysis

Quantity:
Color:
Consistency;
Odor:
pH:

A

Quantity: 100 to 200 grams per day
Color: light to dark brown
Consistency: soft to well formed
Odor: foul to offensive
pH: 7.0 - 8.0

43
Q

Pathologic: biliary obstruction/post-hepatic obstruction

A

Clay-colored or gray, pale, yellow or white, acholic

44
Q

Non pathologic: barium sulfate

A

Clay-colored or gray, pale, yellow or white, acholic

45
Q

Blood (bright red from lower GI bleeding)

A

Red

46
Q

Beets

A

Red

47
Q

Food dyes

A

Red

48
Q

Drugs

A

Red

49
Q

Blood (black, tarry from upper GI bleeding)

A

Black

50
Q

Iron therapy

A

Black

51
Q

Charcoal ingestion

A

Black

52
Q

Bismuth

A

Black

53
Q

Green vegetables

A

Green

54
Q

Biliverdin

A

Green

55
Q

ingestion or enema

A

Clay-colored or gray, pale, yellow or white, acholic

56
Q

Rifampin

A

Red

57
Q

BSP dye

A

Red

58
Q

Medications and suppositories

A

Black

59
Q

During antibiotic therapy

A

Green

60
Q

Diarrhea

A

Watery

61
Q

Pea-soup: typhoid fever

A

Watery

62
Q

Rice-water: cholera

A

Watery

63
Q

Constipation

A

Hard, small, round

64
Q

Intestinal construction or narrowing

A

Narrow, ribbon-like, flattened, slender

65
Q

Steatorrhea consistency

A

Bulky, frothy, greasy, spongy, and may float

66
Q

Constipation or excessive straining due to the defecation

A

Mucus-coated

67
Q

Pathologic: Collitis, Chron’s disease, colon tumors

A

Mucus-coated

68
Q

Bacterial or amoebic dysentery

A

Blood-streaked mucus

69
Q

Malignancy

A

Blood-streaked mucus

70
Q

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding site

A

From esophagus, stomach, or duodenum (small intestine)

71
Q

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding color

A

Black, tarry

72
Q

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding site

A

From colon (large intestine) or rectum

73
Q

Lower gastrointestinal bleeding color

A

Bright red

CHECKPOINT NOTES (2 decks)

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