Fecalysis Flashcards
Are examined for protozoa, helminthes, larva or eggs.
Fecal specimen
2 Stages of protozoa found in stool samples are
- Trophozoites
- Cysts
2 Stages of Parasites
- Protozoa
- Heminthes
2 Helminthes
- Platyhelminthes
- Helminths
Container should be free from [2]
Antiseptic and Disinfectant
Suitable for qualitative testing for blood and microscopic examination.
Random specimen
For quantitative fecal testing such as fecal fat testing.
Timed specimen
The container with specimen should be clearly labeled with what [2]
- Patient’s name or number
- Date and time of collection
It allows fecal samples to be examined after a delay in delivery or postage or testing.
Preservation
5 Most common fixatives
- Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
- Merthiolate Iodine Formalin, (MIF)
- Sodium acetate Acetic acid Formalin (SAF)
- Formalin
- Bayer’s solution
Beyond __ hour the stool must be refrigerated.
1
It has been used for many years as an all purpose fixative that is appropriate for helminthes eggs and larvae for protozoan cyst.
Formalin 4%
The major disadvantage of this fixative is that permanent staining procedures can’t be performed from formalin preserved stool samples.
[fixative]
Formalin
This fixative is recommended for the preservation of the trophozoite and cyst stages of the intestinal protozoa, and also suitable for helminthes eggs and larvae.
[fixative]
PVA
The preservation of the two stages of protozoa is excellent.
[fixative]
PVA
A plastic resin that serves as adhesive for the stool material.
[fixative]
PVA
Concentration methods can’t performed the specimen preserved by this fixative.
[fixative]
PVA
The greatest advantage of this fixative is that a permanent stain can be prepared from stool specimen preserved by this fixative, giving excellent result to trichrome staining.
[fixative]
PVA
Specimen preserved by PVA can’t be used with immunoassay kits.
[fixative]
PVA
Toxic, because contain mercury compound.
[fixative]
PVA
Good routine fixative for protozoan cyst and trophozoites, helminthes, eggs and larvae.
[fixative]
SAF
The preserved stool samples permits concentration techniques, most monoclonal detection kits, and permanent staining.
[fixative]
SAF
It has poor adhesive properties.
[fixative]
SAF
Mayer’s albumin has been recommended as an adhesive.
[fixative]
SAF
Preserved material can be used for concentration techniques and permanent stained smears. (CB, IHK)
[fixative]
SAF
Preserved material can be used for some immunoassay methods.
[fixative]
SAF
Easy to prepare and has long shelf life.
[fixative]
SAF
Unlike PVA, it contains no mercury compounds. It is therefore much less toxic than PVA.
[fixative]
SAF
The fixative was originally developed as a screening procedure for intestinal parasites.
[fixative]
MIF
Combines preservation and staining for most kinds and stages found in faeces.
[fixative]
MIF
It contains, Merthiolate, Iodine, Formalin
[fixative]
MIF
Major disadvantages are short life and permanent stained smears can’t prepared.
[fixative]
MIF
Wash in water to remove the mucus.
[preservation of worms]
Cestodes
Large tapeworms such as Taenia can be washed for several hours to relax the musculature, can then be fixed in 10% formol saline.
[preservation of worms]
Cestodes
These should be treated in a similar manner to cestodes, and mounted with ventral sucker uppermost.
[preservation of worms]
Trematodes
Adult are washed in saline to remove mucus.
[preservation of worms]
Nematodes
Large worms such as Ascaris lumbricoides can be fixed and preserved in cold 5% formalin.
[preservation of worms]
Nematodes
3 Preservation of worms.
- Cestodes
- Trematodes
- Nematodes
Liquid specimens (which are more likely to contain trophozoites) should be examined within 30 mins while soft specimens within 1 hour of passage.
Specimen processing
A series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract.
Stool analysis
These conditions can include infection (such as from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor nutrient absorption, or cancer.
Stool analysis
The smallest acceptable amount of stool is.
2-5 g
It should not be allowed to contaminate the specimen.
Urine
Color & Consistency
[laboratory analysis]
Macroscopic Examination
- WHC/HPF
- RBC/HP
- Mucus
Microscopic Examination
It is a normal color, results from the intestinal oxidation of stercobilinogen to urobilin.
[color]
Brown
Colors occur when iron or bismuth is taken or when there is intestinal hemorrhage.
[color]
Bright red to Dark red
Stools indicate the biliary obstruction, steatorrea, and also associated with diagnostic procedures that use barium sulfate.
[color]
Pale yellow
Stools occur when there is obstructive jaundice.
[color]
White stools
Stool may observed in patient taking oral antibiotic, because of oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin.
[color]
Green stool
It is the simplest and easiest technique for the examination of feces, and this method should be performed in all laboratories at peripheral level.
[microscopic examination]
Wet mount
It can be prepared directly from fecal material or from concentrated specimens.
[microscopic examination]
Wet mount
Used for the initial microscopic examination of stool specimens.
[microscopic examination]
Saline wet mount
This type of mount can also reveal the presence of red blood cells and white blood cells.
[microscopic examination]
Saline wet mount
It is used mainly to stain glycogen and the nuclei of cysts, if present.
[microscopic examination]
Iodine wet mount
Cyst can usually be specifically identified in this mount.
[microscopic examination]
Iodine wet mount
Stains amoebic trophozoites, but not stain amoebic cysts, flagellate trophozoites or flagellate cysts.
[microscopic examination]
Buffered Methylene Blue Wet Mount
Take the portion of stool from an area to include inside and outside parts of the specimen.
[stool type]
Formed stool
If mucus is present, label a second slide with the patient’s name or number.
[stool type]
Stool with mucus
If mucus is not present, pick up a small portion of the stool and mix with saline.
[stool type]
Loose watery stool
