February 11 - RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS

Question 1

Acute Bronchitis

• What is it
• most common symptom
• treatment

Answer 1

An inflammation of the bronchi in the lower respiratory tract usually caused by infection
Mostly viral

A persistent cough is the most common symptom.

Fluids, rest, anti-inflammatory agents (supportive treatment)

Question 2

Pneumonia

• What is it
• types 5

Answer 2

Acute inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by a microbial agent e.g. viral, bacterial, mycoplasma, fungi

Types of pneumonia:
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (2 days before hospital)
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
Fungal pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia (swallowing is impaired) (fluid to lungs)
Opportunistic pneumonia (weakened body system)(wont have if you are healthy)

Question 3

TB Tuberculosis

• caused by
• can it spread
• high risk in what pop.

Answer 3

Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)

Communicable Disease via air borne (bad for tight spaces)

Highest risk are Indigenous and immigrant populations.

Question 4

Asthma

• is what
• Hallmarks
• 3 main parts

Meds

Answer 4

Chronic inflammatory lung disorder resulting in:
Recurrent Episodes of airflow obstruction, usually reversible

HALLMARKS: Airway inflammation, Airway hyperresponsiveness

(inflammation, bronchoconstriction/tightening of muscles, increases of mucus production)

Rescue meds = Short-acting inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists (albuterol), anticholinergics (ipratropium) (don’t take more then 3 times a week)

Controllers (maintenance) = e.g. inhaled (Fluticasone) and oral corticosteroids (prednisone)

Question 5

COPD 5 grade scale
-Made up of what diseases
and is?

Caused by

Defining features

Diagnosed by

Physical Exam

Answer 5

Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema (diminished elasticity)
Abnormal inflammatory response of lungs to noxious particles or gases

Irritants

airflow limitations due to lack of elastics and air flow obstruction from mucus

Cough > 3 months
Sputum production
Dyspnea
Activity intolerance
Exposure to risk factors

Prolonged expiratory phase
Wheezes
Decreased breath sounds
Use of accessory/intercostal muscles (tripod position)
Increased anterior posterior diameter of chest wall (barrel chest)
Bluish red colour of skin (polycythemia, cyanosis)
CLUBBING

Question 6

COPD typical findings PLEASE MEMORIZE

PaO2
PaCO2
pH
Bicarbonate level found in late stages of COPD

Answer 6

low PaO2
Increased PaCO2(body holds it in
low pH
Bicarbonate level found in late stages of COPD

Question 7

COPD DRUGS

Bronchodilators
what does it do

Inhaled corticosteroids

Answer 7

Bronchodilators
Relax smooth muscle in the airway
Improve ventilation of the lungs
lower Dyspnea 
Inhaled route is preferred
Short acting e.g. Combivent (Ipratropium/salbutamol)
Long-acting e.g. tiotropium (Spiriva)

Question 8

Arterial Blood Gases: NORMAL RANGES

MEMORIZEEEEEE

PaO2
PaCO2
pH
Bicarbonate

Answer 8

PaO2 = 35-45
PaCO2 = 65-100
pH = 7.35 -7.45
Bicarbonate = 22-26