Feb Assesment GML

Question 1

What’s the definition of learning?

Answer 1

A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in capability for skilled performance

Question 2

What’s the definition of performance?

Answer 2

A temporary occurrence, fluctuating from time to time because of many potentially operating variables

Question 3

What are the three stages of learning?

Answer 3

• the autonomous stage
• the associative stage
  -the cognitive stage

Question 4

What are the characteristics of the autonomous stage? Refer to cognitive effort, and feedback

Answer 4

• minimal cognitive effort required
• skills are accurate and consistent
• intrinsic feedback
• knowledge of performance

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the associative learner?

Answer 5

• decreased reliance on working memory than cognitive
• deliberate practice required
• intrinsic and negative feedback used

Question 6

What are the characteristics of the cognitive learner?

Answer 6

• much variation and error
• skills explored by trial and error
• rely on conscious control
• rely heavily on on positive and extrinsic feedback

Question 7

What’s the definition of a learning plateau?

Answer 7

• a period where no improvement is made in performance

Question 8

What causes a learning plateau?

Answer 8

• motivation
• boredom
• fatigue
• targets set too low
• limited ability

Question 9

How can a learning plateau be avoided?

Answer 9

• give new and realistic goals
• vary the content and type of sessions
• give praise that is deserved
• maintain motivation and encourage mental rehearsal

Question 10

Operant conditioning is one of the theories of learning. Operant conditioning is trial and error learning and it focuses on the stimulus response bond. How can it be strengthened and weakened?

Answer 10

• positive reinforcement
• negative reinforcement
• punishment

Question 11

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 11

• introduction of a desirable stimulus following the correct response

Question 12

What’s negative reinforcement?

Answer 12

• the removal of an undesirable stimulus after the correct response

Question 13

What’s punishments/

Answer 13

• introduction of an undesirable stimuli after the incorrect response

Question 14

What is the observational learning theory about?

Answer 14

• states that we learn by watching others

Question 15

What does Banduras model suggest about observational learning?

Answer 15

• there are 4 factors which affect the success of observational learning

Question 16

What are the four factors that affect obersaervational learning?

Answer 16

• attention: ensuring the performer takes notice by making demonstration clear and accurate
• retention: the performer needs to create mental image of the skill which they can store in their long term memory for future recall
• motor reproduction: the performer must be physically and mentally capable of copying the demonstration
• motivation: the performer must have the drive to practice

Question 17

What does the insight learning theory aim to develop?

Answer 17

• this theory aims to develop a performers leaning by understanding the relationship between the sub-routines
• or different factors that may influence the whole problem rather than learning specific movement patters

Question 18

In insight learning, what will performers be required to do in practices?

Answer 18

• to solve problems designed to make them think about their response
• modify actions based on previous experience and the current situation

Question 19

The social development theory by Vygotsky suggests we learn from who?

Answer 19

• more knowledgable others

Question 20

What’s inter-psychological learning and intra-psychological learning?

Answer 20

• inter: where we learn directly from external sources
• intra: where we use the knowledge gained from others to guide ourselves

Question 21

What are the zones of proximal development? Vygotsky

Answer 21

• zones that help the learner to understand what they need todo next to keep making progress
• what can i do alone
• what can i do with help
• what can i not do yet

Question 22

What’s the idea of the social development theory?

Answer 22

• the idea that meanings and understandings grow out of social encounters

Question 23

What are the features of the long term memory?

Answer 23

• has an unlimited capacity
• motor programmes and past experiences are stored until recquired in the short term/working memory

Question 24

What are two methods of improving long term memory?

Answer 24

• chunking: actions into sub routines or parts so they can be more easily recalled
• chaining: linking bits of information together so it can be stored as one item

Question 25

Way to remember chaining?

Answer 25

- chains are links linked together - linking info together to store as one item A CHAIN

Question 26

Way to remember chunking?

Answer 26

- chunks of info - breaking actions into sub routines

Question 27

What’s the DCR process?

Answer 27

- Detection of stimul - Comparison to memory stores - Recognition of relevant stimuli based on passed experiences

Question 28

What are some features of the short term memory?

Answer 28

- limited capacity of 5-9 items - duration of 30 seconds

Question 29

There are eight stages of whitting’s inforamtion procesing model. List them in order.

Answer 29

- environment - display - sensory organs - perceptual mechanisms - translatory mechanisms - effector mechanisms - muscular system output - feedback

Question 30

The first part of whittings info procesing model is the environment. Briefly explain this.

Answer 30

- everything present in the competitive situation

Question 31

The second part of whitings information processing model is display, what does this mean?

Answer 31

- the parts of the environment the performer is aware of

Question 32

What are the sensory organs in Whittington information processing model?

Answer 32

- the parts of the body which detect stimuli

Question 33

After the sensory organs have detected the stimuli, what happens to this information?

Answer 33

- the perceptual mechanisms interpret the stimuli, which involves the Detection Comparison Recognition process

Question 34

The translatory mechanisms come after the perceptual mechanisms. What are they responsible for?

Answer 34

- a decision is made based on comparison of the current situation with information stored in the long term memory

Question 35

After the translatory mechanisms comes the effector mechanisms. What happens at this stage?

Answer 35

- the response is programmed - and sent out via *neuromuscular system*

Question 36

The last two stages of writings information processing model is the muscular system output and feedback. What are these?

Answer 36

- muscular system output: the response is performed - feedback: information is received about the outcome of performance

Question 37

What are the four main components of the Braddeley and Hitch working memory model?

Answer 37

- central executive - episodic buffer - phonological loop - visuospatial sketchpad

Question 38

What’s the central executive?

Answer 38

- the control centre of the working memory - directs information to the other sub-systems

Question 39

What’s the episodic buffer?

Answer 39

- act as a link between the other two sub systems to create sequences that can be compared to or stored in the LTM

Question 40

What’s the phonological loop?

Answer 40

- deals with sounds

Question 41

What’s the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 41

- deals with information which can be seen - understanding where things are taking place in relation to each other