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z -NAZI DICTATORSHIP > FEB 1933 - AUG 1934 > Flashcards

FEB 1933 - AUG 1934 Flashcards

- Reichstag Fire. - March Elections. - Enabling Act. - Gleichschaltung. - Night of Long Knives. - Death of Hindenburg

1
Q

How was Hitler able to use the Reichstag Fire to the Nazis advantage?

A

Portrayed the communists as anti-democratic through their setting fire to the building that represented democracy.
Claimed the fire was part of a communist plot to take over.

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2
Q

What was signed the day after the Reichstag Fire?

A

A ‘Decree for the Protection of People and the State’, signed by the President using Article 48.

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3
Q

What were the key impacts of the Reichstag fire?

A
  • limit opposition - apparent threat was used to justify the arrest of large numbers of Nazi opponents, limiting opposition in the upcoming elections
  • Reichstag Fire Decree - ending of ‘press freedom’, Protective Custody and Communist Party outlawed
  • atmosphere of fear and contempt against Communists
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4
Q

How many seats did the Nazis secure in the March 33 elections?

A

44%

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5
Q

Why were the Nazis unable to secure a majority? What does Hitler do?

A

Need 2/3 to secure a majority.
Limited Hitler’s freedom of action.
Formed a coalition with ZP

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6
Q

What does the term ‘Gleichschaltung’ refer to?

A

Co-ordination. Nazification of German society.

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7
Q

How was Gleichschaltung both a ‘revolution from below’ and a ‘revolution from above’?

A

At a local level - ‘revolution from below’.

Freedom given to the SA at a national level - ‘revolution from above’.

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8
Q

What was the main idea of Gleichschaltung?

A

Merge German society with Nazi institutions and associations.

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9
Q

What would Gleichschaltung allow the Nazis to do?

A

Control all aspects of social, cultural and educational activity.

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10
Q

What was the first concern of the Nazis in their process of Gleichschaltung?

A

Federal states, as it was a direct challenge to the Nazis idea of a centralised state.

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11
Q

How were trade unions demolished? Why were they seen as a threat to the Nazi Party? (Gleichschaltung)

A

Told Labour Day was a national holiday, but the next day union premises were occupied, funds seized and leaders sent to CC.
Links to communism and socialism.

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12
Q

What were trade unions replaced with? (Gleichschaltung)

A

German Labour Front (DAF)

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13
Q

When were the SPD abolished?

A

22nd June 1933.

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14
Q

How did most of the remaining political parties leave the Reichstag?

A

Agreed to dissolve themselves to avoid being abolished. Even the nationalists who were in a coalition with the Nazis.
‘May suppression’

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15
Q

What law declared the Nazis as the only legal political party? When was it passed?

A

‘The Law against the Establishment of Parties’.

14th July 1933

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16
Q

Which areas still remained prevalent in German society, which meant Gleichschaltung was not complete?

A
  • The Church still retained its influence.

- The army and big businesses were still independent.

17
Q

Why was Gleichschaltung not complete by the end of 1933?

A
  • Hitler did not want to antagonise the army.
  • Needed big business support for rearmament.
  • Needed support of civil service.
  • Maintain support from middle classes.
18
Q

Why was there conflict between Hitler and the SA?

A

The SA wanted to take the process of co-ordination a step further.

19
Q

What was Hitler’s concern about Röhm’s suggestion to merge the SA and the army?

A

That the army would be alienated by Röhm’s plans and did not support his call for a ‘second revolution’.
Hindenburg could stop all his plans by taking power away over German military - couldn’t afford to antagonise elite

20
Q

Why did Hitler back the army?

A

As they were the one institution who could remove him, and much of its leadership were suspicious of Hitler.

21
Q

What did Hitler’s decision to back the army result in?

A

The Night of the Long Knives.

22
Q

When was the Night of the Long Knives?

A

30th June 1934.

23
Q

What did the Night of the Long Knives end?

A

The SA as a military and political force.

24
Q

What happened to Röhm and other leading members of the SA on the Night of the Long Knives?

A

Shot by members of the SS, a wing of the SA.

25
Q

How many were killed on the Night of the Long Knives? Including whom?

A
  1. Including former chancellor, Schleicher, and leader of the radical socialist wing of the Nazi Party, Strasser.
26
Q

Impacts of the Night of the Long Knives (4)

A
  • elite impressed with efficiency of rival elimination
  • gained acceptance for murdering his opponents
  • army oath (after Hindenburg’s death)
  • July 1st 1934 - Reichstag - outlines 4 Dangerous Groups - ‘In this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people’
27
Q

What happened initially when Hindenburg died?

A

No opposition nor challenge to Hitler. Therefore, there was no political crisis.

28
Q

When did Hindenburg die?

A

2nd August 1934.

29
Q

What were the five main reasons that Hitler was able to establish his dictatorship?

A
  1. Weakness of opposition.
  2. Legality.
  3. Terror.
  4. Propaganda.
  5. Deception.
30
Q

When was the Enabling Act passed?

A

23rd March 1933

31
Q

What was the Enabling Act?

A

The act allowed Hitler to enact laws, including ones that violated the Weimar Constitution
Laws came into effect day after publication - didn’t need to consult Reichstag, instead went to cabinet of elected ministers

32
Q

What are the 5 key dates of Hitler’s consolidation of power?

A

Jan 30th 1933 - becomes chancellor
Jan 31st 1933 - speech to German people blaming democracy for poor economy
Feb 27th - Reichstag Fire
March - Malicious Practices Law and opening of First Reichstag in Imperial Germany

33
Q

How many votes did the KPD get in the 1933 elections?

A

4.8mil votes - but were banned from Reichstag

34
Q

What were the impacts of the Enabling Act?

A
  • constitutional basis of Hitler’s dictatorship - revolution with the law on his side
  • ‘May suppression’
  • May - attack of the TU on Labour Day to become DAF
35
Q

How many in the Reichstag voted in favour for the Enabling Act?

A

444 (SPD opposed, KPD not allowed in)

36
Q

ESTABLISHING NAZI DOMINANCE: when were Reich governors replaced? With who?

A

March - replaced by Head of State Governors (usually gauleiters)

37
Q

ESTABLISHING NAZI DOMINANCE: When were regional parliaments dissolved? Why was this done?

A

31st March.
To reform them with Nazi majorities.
Part of ‘One Party State’.

38
Q

ESTABLISHING NAZI DOMINANCE: HIMMLER

A

Head of SS and political oppression
‘Protective Custody’ and ‘re-education’ camps e,g Hartlinger who tried to expose inhumane treatment had his evidence intercepted and sent to Dachau
Rivalry with Goering

z -NAZI DICTATORSHIP (11 decks)

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