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Brain and Behaviour > Fear and Anxiety > Flashcards

Fear and Anxiety Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Which receptor is very important in anxiety related disorders?

A

GABA

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2
Q

What evidence is there for GABA’s role in anxiety disorders?

A

Patients with panic disorder have less BDP binding sites and lack inhibitory control in cortical and limbic regions to suppress inappropriate fear responses

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3
Q

Which types of drug increase GABA receptor activity?

A

Agonists; alcohol, barbiturates

Indirect agonists; BDP

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4
Q

What does increased GABA receptor activity do?

A

Reduces anxiety

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5
Q

What types of drug decrease GABA receptor activity?

A

Antagonists; flumazenil

Inverse agonists; beta-CCM

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6
Q

What does decreased GABA receptor activity do?

A

Increases anxiety

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7
Q

What do BDP’s do?

A

Increase the effectiveness of GABA at opening Cl- channel

Greater influx of chloride and greater hyperpolarisation

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8
Q

What are the effects of diazepam in mice?

A

Decreased anxiety about a potentially dangerous environment

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9
Q

How do you switch of BDP binding?

A

By switching the histidine in the N-terminal for arginine

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10
Q

What is the extracellular trail?

A

It is a protein structure important for BDP binding

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11
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

A malfunction in both the right and left medial temporal lobes

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12
Q

What symptoms are associated with Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A
  • little or no fear response
  • oral and tactile exploration
  • hyper sexuality
  • bulimia
  • inability to recognise objects/faces
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13
Q

What can the effect of bilateral amygdala lesions be?

A

No fear responses

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14
Q

Where is the amygdala and what does it consist of?

A

It is found in the temporal lobes and has a complex structure consisting of 22 separate nuclei

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15
Q

What is some evidence for the amygdala’s role in fear?

A

Activation during public speaking in subjects with social anxiety disorder
Exposure to phobias show activation
High density of BDP

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16
Q

What is anxiety and some of its associated disorders?

A

An unwarranted or inappropriate fear or stress response

  • PTSD
  • PD
  • GAD
  • Phobias
  • OCD
17
Q

What influence does the amygdala have on other brain areas during fear response?

A

It excites the Locus Coeruleus (releasing noradrenalin) and the Hypothalamus

18
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus releasing CRH
Pituitary releasing ACTH
Adrenal cortex releasing cortisol

19
Q

What is activated during the flight or fight response?

A

Sympathetic nervous system; increased HR, BP, breathing, perspiration…
Central nervous system; behavioural arousal, emotional response

20
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in fear response?

A

Lesions can have anxiolytic effects
BDP’s can have direct effects of GABAergic inhibition in hippocampus
Activation of glucocorticoid receptors preventing limitation of cortisol production

21
Q

What affect does midazolam have when injected into the hippocampus?

A

Decrease in contextual fear response

22
Q

What happens in the Locus Coeruleus during fear responses?

A

Noradrenergic projections onto the cerebellum, hippocampus, neocortex and thalamus
Firing increases during events important for survival

23
Q

What effect does BDP have on the Locus Coeruleus?

A

Decreases the release of noradrenaline

24
Q

What happens in the Raphe nuclei during fear responses?

A

Serotonergic projections to striatum, nucleus accumbent, frontal cortex and hippocampus

25
Q

What affect does punishment stimuli have on the Raphe nuclei?

A

Activation of the serotonergic system leading to behavioural inhibition

26
Q

What affect does BDP have on the Raphe nuclei?

A

Decreases serotonin activity

27
Q

What are some of the causes of anxiety disorders?

A

Diminished hippocampal activity
Loss of feedback to amygdala
Inappropriate fear responding

28
Q

What is the noradrenergic system responsible for?

A

Arousal and attention

29
Q

What is the serotonin system responsible for?

A

Mood and emotion

30
Q

What can dysregulation of the limbic system lead to?

A

Inappropriate fear and anxiety responses

31
Q

What are some treatments for anxiety disorders?

A

BDP’s
Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors
Buspirone

32
Q

Which disorders do BDP’s help with?

A

GAD and PD

33
Q

Which disorders do SSRI help with?

A

OCD, PTSD, PD and GAD

34
Q

What is a drawback of using SSRI’s?

A

The can have an axiogenic effect for the first few days before becoming anxiolytic

35
Q

What disorders does Buspirone help with?

A

GAD

Brain and Behaviour (9 decks)

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