FE (5) Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

Are Early Treatments effective

Answer 1

Mainly ineffective
* Hydrotherapy, wet packs
* Hot baths, hot boxes, lamps
* Shock therapy
* Insulin comas; Electrical convulsions (only used in serious cases)
* Lobotomy ( was mostly used to treat ppl with schizophrenia)

Question 2

WHat are Biomedical Treatments

Answer 2

• Biologically based treatments
  *Attempt to directly alter the brain’s chemistry or physiology

Question 3

WHat are the types of Biomedical Treatments

Answer 3

Main types are
1) Psychpharmacotherpy (ex: drug therapies)
2) Electulisive therapy (ECT) this is only used as a last resort ine extreme cases

Question 4

WHat are Antipsychotic Drugs

Answer 4

• Reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia ( like disordered speech, hallucinations and illusions)
• Most act on dopamine ->
• Chlorpromazine (brand name Thorazine): Treat delusions,
  hallucinations
• Not much effect on negative symptoms
• Side effects: Involuntary movements of tongue, jaw, face, etc.

Question 5

What are Antidepressant Drug and name three types

Answer 5

• they treat depression and major depression disorders
• Modulate neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders
  1) Tricyclics (TCA) ànorepinephrine and serotonin ( prevent absorption of more serotonin)
  2) Fluoxetine (e.g., Prozac)àserotonin ( increases serotonin leveles)
  3) Lithium carbonate: mood stabilizer for the manic state of bipolar disorder
• Tricyclics and Fluoxetine are gievn when individual presnes depressive symptoms and biporlare disorder when theyre both in a depressive episode
• Lithium carbonate is given during a manic episode

Question 6

WHat are Anti-Anxiety Drugs

Answer 6

Reduce tension, anxiety (e.g., Xanax)
* Also known as tranquilizers ( provide you a calming affect)
* Lower excitation in affected neurons
* Anxiety is linked to a high level of activation in amygdala

Question 7

WHat are the three main cateogies of thepry drugs

Answer 7

1) Antipsychotic Drugs
2) Antidepressant Drugs
3) Anti-Anxiety Drugs

Question 8

What are some cautions of Psychopharmacotherapy

Answer 8

• there can be Side effects
• side effects can be influences based on how high or low ones weight or age is and what their race is
• Questionable use of SSRIs in children and adolescents
• Relapse of symptoms after discontinuing the drug

Question 9

WHat are some Psychopharmacotherapy Evaluations

Answer 9

• Psychotherapy alone can produce as great or better benefits for many disorders.
• Clear advantages to combining medications and psychotherapy when:
  - Symptoms interfere greatly with functioning
  
  • Psychotherapy alone has not worked for a 2-month period ( when this happens they usually have to combine psychotherapy with medication to help )

Question 10

WHat is Psychotherapy

Answer 10

• Insight therapies
• Behavioral approaches
• Is psychotherapy effective?

Question 11

what % of of Canadians talked to a health professional about their mental health

Answer 11

16%

Question 12

what % of of Americans have received psychotherapy at some point in their lives.

Answer 12

20

Question 13

WHat sex seeks more therapy and what ethnic group seeks more therpay

Answer 13

• females
• Caucaisans

Question 14

WHat makes s agood therpaist

Answer 14

• tehyr warm and genuine
• establish a positive workign relationship
• tend not to contradict clients
  select important topics to focus on in sessions
• match treatmenat to need sof clients

Question 15

WHat are Insight Therapies

Answer 15

They give clients self-knowledge, or insight, into their psychological problems

Question 16

WHat types of Insight therapies are there

Answer 16

1) Psychodynamic therapies
2) Humanistic therapies

Question 17

WHat is Psychodynamic Therapies

Answer 17

One of the types of insight therapy
* Includes General approaches and beliefs
* Traumatic or adverse childhood experiences cause problems.
* Analyze hidden thoughts, feelings, wishes, fantasies, and significant past events
* Help clients achieve insight into unconscious material
* This insight then causes symptoms to disappear.

Question 18

WHats Psychoanalysis

Answer 18

Developed by Freud I
* Goal: Bring hidden impulses, Traumatic memories to awareness —> free patient from disordered thoughts
* Time-consuming, not a quick fix ( if done traditional way)

Question 19

Whart are the Psychoanalysis: Techniques

Answer 19

1) Free association ( technique in which clients express themselves without censorship
of any sort)

2) Interpretation (From the client’s string of free associations, analysts form hypoth- eses regarding the origin of the client’s difficulties and share them with him or her as the therapeutic relationship evolves. Therapists also formulate interpretations— explanations—of the unconscious bases of a client’s dreams, emotions, and behaviors)

3)Dream analysis (“royal road to the unconscious” According to Freud, dreams express unconscious themes that influ- ence the client’s conscious life. The therapist’s task is to interpret the relation of the dream to the client’s waking life and the dream’s symbolic significance.)

4) Resistance (attempts to avoid confrontation and anxiety associated with uncovering previously repressed thoughts, emotions, and impulses)

5) Transference (act of projecting intense, unrealistic feelings and expectations from the past onto the therapist)

Question 20

WHats the Neo-Freudian Tradition

Answer 20

• Brief forms (12-16 sessions)
• More concerned with conscious aspects of the client’s functioning
• Emphasize the impact of cultural and interpersonal influences on behaviour
• More optimistic, emphasize needs for power, love, status (not just sex and aggression)

Question 21

List some Evaluationsof Psychodynamic Therapies

Answer 21

• Many concepts are difficult to falsify
• Poor external validity
• Brief treatments are better than none, but not as effective as other therapies
• No evidence for repressing hurtful memories

Question 22

What are Humanistic Therapies and what techqnique and goal do the have

Answer 22

One of the types of insight therapy
* Goal: Help clients gain insight into their fundamental self- worth and value as human beings
* Techniques: Offer support, act as a confidant or friend

Question 23

Explain Person-Centered Therapy

Answer 23

• The client, not the therapist, holds the key to psychological health and happiness
• Problems stem from incongruence between self-concept and reality of everyday experiences
• Others attach“conditions of worth”to approval,causing us to act inconsistently with true feelings

Question 24

What do Person-Centered Therapists Provide:

Answer 24

1)Genuineness/congruence
a) Therapist is not “phony,”expresses feelings openly and honestly

2) Unconditional positive regard
a) Therapist does not place conditions of worth on client
b) Accepts and respects client no matter how client behaves,no matter what client says

3)Empathy
a) Therapist tries to see things from the client’s perspective
b)Validation,not pity

Question 25

what does Person-Centered therapy try to increase and cause

Answer 25

• Tries to increase awareness and heightened self-acceptance
• This is intended to cause people to:
  1) Think more realistically
  2) Become more tolerant of others
  3) Engage in more adaptive behaviours

Question 26

Person-Centered Therapy: Carl Rogers (video)

Question 27

Provide som Evaluations for Humanistic Therapies:

Answer 27

• Core concepts are difficult to falsify.
• Conditions for effective therapists related to outcome
• More effective than no treatment, but mixed results
  compared to other therapies

Question 28

WHat are Behavioral Approaches

Answer 28

• Designed to change behavior by using established learning
  techniques
• Maladaptive behavior is learned, and can be unlearned
  through changes in environment

Question 29

WHat are the three therapies in Behaviour approaches

Answer 29

1) Exposure Therapy
a) Systematic Desensitization
b) Flooding

2) Applying Rewards and Punishments
a) Token economy
b) Aversion therapy

3)Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
a) Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
b)Beck’s cognitive therapy

Question 30

Whats Exposure therapy

Answer 30

First therapy in behaviour approaches
Patients are confronted with their fears à reduce that fear

involves two techniques
a) Systematic Desensitization
b) Flooding

Question 31

whats Systematic Desensitization

Answer 31

• exposure therapy technique
• Very effective for many anxiety disorders, like phobias,
  OCD, and PTSD
• Led to development of exposure with response prevention
  therapies like flooding

Question 32

Whats flooding

Answer 32

• exporsure therpy technique

*Clients immediately experience their greatest fear, with no
aversive consequences.
* Therapists prevent clients from performing typical
avoidance behaviours.
* Can use virtual reality
* Misuse can lead to increased fear.

Question 33

Whats Applying Rewards and Punishments

Answer 33

second therapy to behaviour approaches

• Based on the principles of conditioning

incluides two techniques
* Token economy
* Aversion therapy
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Question 34

WHats Token Economy

Answer 34

Technique of applying punishment and rewards therapy
* Operant / instrumental conditioning
* Patients rewarded with small tokens when they act
appropriately
* Can exchange tokens for privileges
* Useful for helping institutionalized patients develop life
skills

Question 35

Whats Aversion Therapy

Answer 35

Technique of applying punishment and rewards therapy

• Classical conditioning
• Replace a positive reaction to a harmful stimulus with
  something negative
• Example: Give a drug (Antabuse) that causes severe nausea
  when alcohol is ingested

Question 36

Whats Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Answer 36

Third therapy in behaviour approach

• Replace maladaptive or irrational cognitions with more
  adaptive, rational ones
• Core assumptions
  a) Cognitions can be identified and measured
  b) Cognitions are the key player in both healthy and unhealthy psychological
  functioning
  c) Irrational beliefs can be replaced by more rational and adaptive cognitions

Includes two techniques
1) Rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT)
2) Beck’s cognitive therapy

Question 37

Whats Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT)

Answer 37

First technique in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• Developed by Albert Ellis
• Therapist verbally assaults irrational thought processes
  almost like a cross-examiner
• Can be harsh and confrontational at times

Question 38

What certain beliefs does REBT Target

Answer 38

• I must be loved and approved of by everyone”
• “It’s awful when things are not the way I would like them to be”
• “I should be very anxious about events that are uncertain or potentially
  dangerous”
• “I am not worthwhile unless I am . . . “ (competent, adequate,
  achieving, etc.)
• “I need someone stronger on whom to depend or rely”

Question 39

Whats Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

Answer 39

Second technique in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• Less harsh / confrontational than rational emotive therapy
• Encourages clients to identify irrational thought processes
  themselves
• Record-keeping or “homework”

Question 40

Provide some evaluations for CBT:

Answer 40

• More effective than no treatment or placebo treatment
• At least as effective as psychodynamic, person-centered, or
  drug therapies
• Can be effectively combined with drug therapies

Question 41

Provide 5 reasons as to why or why not Psychotherapy is Effective?

Answer 41

1. Most of the clients (80%) who receive therapy do better than
   the clients who don’t receive any therapy.
2. Many psychotherapies are about equal in their effects.
3. Some psychotherapies can make people worse.
4. The control group/clients placed on a waitlist improved
   over time as well. Bogus therapies may also work.
5. Effectiveness depends on the kind of problem and
   symptom severity. For example:
   * CBT for mild to moderate depression
   * CBT + medication for more severe depression
   * Behavioral therapies for some kinds of anxiety disorders
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