FBC Flashcards
Microcytic anaemia
— Hb
— MCV
Macrocytic anaemia
— Hb
++ MCV
Normocytic anaemia
— Hb
Normal MCV
Absolute polycythaemia
+ RBCs
Relative polycythaemia
— plasma
1ry (absolute) polycythaemia
+ proliferation of red cell precursors (due to bone marrow issue)
2ry (absolute) polycythaemia
+ EPO
EPO is produced in the
Kidneys
Myeloproliferative neoplasms that cause 1ry polycythaemia
Polycythaemia rubra Vera
Most common causes of 2ry polycythaemia
- smoking
- xs alcohol
Causes of microcytic anaemia (TAILS)
- thalassemia/haemoglobinopathies
- anaemia of chronic disease/inflammation
- iron deficiency anaemia
- lead poisoning
- sideroblastic anaemia
Cause of normacytic anaemia
- anaemia of chronic disease
- acute blood loss
- plasma volume
- haemoglobinopathies
- aplastic anaemia
- haemolysis
- hypersplenism
Causes of macrocytic anaemia
- B12/folate deficiency
- toxins
- liver disease
- reticulocytosis
- preggo
- myeloma
- myelodysplastic syndrome
- hypothyroidism
Hyperviscocity syndrome is caused by
++ Hct
How can mixed anaemia in coeliac disease be detected by looking at the RDW
- iron deficiency —> microcytic
- B12/folate deficiency —> macrocytic
- big range in width —> anisocytosis
++ reticulocytes in the context of anaemia implies that bone marrow function is … and so the anaemia must be caused by
- normal
- destruction of blood cells; problems w/ RBC production
— reticulocyte in the context of anaemia implies that bone marrow function is … Potential causes for this can be …
- impaired
- nutritional deficiencies; 1ry BM disorder
++ reticulocytes in the context of absent anaemia can indicate
- body effectively compensating for blood loss/haemolysis
- + O2 demands
Reactive causes of acute leukocytosis
- infection
- inflammation
- post surgery
Steroidal causes of acute leukocytosis
- endogenous steroids —> stress response
- exogenous steroids —> meds
Haematological causes of acute leukocytosis
Acute leukaemia
Reactive causes of chronic leukocytosis
- chronic infection
- smoking
Haematological causes of chronic leukocytosis
- leukaemia
- subtypes of lymphoma
Other (2) causes of chronic leukocytosis
- hyposplenism
- pregnancy
What two cell types that make up the majority of white cells in the blood
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
Infective causes of leukopenia
- viral
- sepsis
Meds that chase leukopenia
- Abx
- immunosuppressants
- anti-epileptics
- cytotoxic agents
Deficiency that causes leukopenia
- B12/folate
- iron
Races that have lower (non-pathological) baseline of WCC
- Middle Eastern
- black
Failure of bone marrow shows leukopenia alongside what signs
- low platelets
- low haemoglobin
Neutropenic sepsis/febrile neutropenia
A neutrophil count that is lower than 1.5 is an emergency due to an increased risk of an infection and should therefore be treated w Abx
Causes of lymphocytosis
- viral infection
- smoking
- hyposplenism
- malignancy
- pertussis
Causes of lymphopenia
- infection
- age
- alcohol
- HIV
- autoimmune
- BM disease
- meds
- renal failure
- congenital
Monocytes
Did not make notes on these, v similar to rest
Eosinophils are key in what infection
Helminths
Causes of eosinophilia
- allergy
- parasitic infection
- autoimmune
- meds
- GI disease
- resp disease
- malignancy
No notes on basophils
Make up least % of FBC and not significant clinically
Raises blasts can be caused by
- acute leukaemia
- myeloproliferative disorders
- reactive
- cytotoxic
Clinical features of thrombocytopenia
- mucosal bleeding
- spontaneous bleeding
Causes of acute thrombocytopenia
- consumption
- acute viral infection
- meds
- disseminated intravascular coagulation
- heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
- immune thrombocytopenia purpura
- pregnancy
Causes of chronic thrombocytopenia
- hypersplenism
- cirrhosis
- alcohol xs
- meds
- ITP
- autoimmune
- B12/folate deficiency
- iron deficiency
- HIV
- heps
- haematological disease
Causes of thrombocytosis
- reactive
- myeloproliferative disorders
- iron deficiency
- hyposplenism
- underlying malignancy
