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LAST NEURO EVER > FB & LS > Flashcards

FB & LS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

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2
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala

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3
Q

What information does NOT pass through thalamus?

A

olfaction

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4
Q

What are the main subdivisions of the thalamus?

A 
anterior
medial
lateral
intralaminar
reticular
midline
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5
Q

What nuclei are in the anterior division of the thalamus?

A

anterior nucleus (AN)

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6
Q

What nuclei are in the medial division of the thalamus?

A

dorsomedial nucleus (DM or MD)

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7
Q

What nuclei are in the lateral division of the thalamus?

A

dorsal tier:

  • lateral dorsal (LD)
  • lateral posterior (LP)
  • pulvinar

ventral tier:

  • ventral anterior (VA)
  • ventral lateral (VL)
  • ventral posterior lateral (VPL)
  • ventral posterior medial (VPM)
  • medial geniculate (MGN)
  • lateral geniculate (LGN)
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8
Q

What nuclei are in the intralaminar division of the thalamus?

A

centromedian
parafasicular
& others (didn’t really talk much about this division)

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9
Q

What defines the major divisions of the thalamus?

A

internal medullary lamina

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10
Q

What connects the two parts of the thalamus (R and L)?

A

massa intermedia

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11
Q

What is the general theme of the thalamic nuclei (expect reticular)?

A

all nuclei consist of:

  • projections neurons from the thalamus to the cortex
  • interneurons, which inhibit the projection neurons (inhibit thalamic output)
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12
Q

What are the two basic types of thalamic inputs?

A

specific outputs: convey info from a thalamic nucleus nearly directly to cortex. this info is mostly from subcortical areas. example: medial lemniscus to VPL or optic tract to LGN (then onto cortex)

regulatory inputs: thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before passing it along to cortex

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13
Q

What are the three categories of thalamic nuclei?

A

relay nuclei
association nuclei
intralaminar/midline nuclei

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14
Q

How to relay thalamic nuclei work?

A

they get well defined, specific info from a subcortical source (such as medial lemniscus)

they project to a well defined area of cortex (such as somatosensory cortex)

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15
Q

How do association thalamic nuclei work?

A

they get info from association cortex (such as prefrontal cortex)

they send info back to the same association cortex area

basically, information is processed first (like recognizing an object) and then sent to the thalamus for further examination. the thalamus isn’t getting “raw” info

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16
Q

How do intralaminar/midline thalamic nuclei work?

A

they get info from specific inputs (basal ganglia and limbic structures)

they send into back to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures

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17
Q

How do reticular thalamic nuclei work?

A

-important source of regulatory input to thalamus

  • input from cortex and thalamus
  • output is inhibitory axons to thalamus

structure relates to function: nucleus is a thin sheet of neurons covering thalamus, so info must go through it to enter/leave thalamus

NO PROJECTIONS TO CORTEX

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18
Q

What are the sensory relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

VPL

VPM

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19
Q

What are the motor relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

VA

VL

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20
Q

What are the limbic relay nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Anterior nucleus

LD

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21
Q

Inputs/outputs: anterior thalamic nucleus

A

input: mamillothalamic tract, hippocampus (aka limbic structures)
output: cingulate gyrus

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22
Q

Inputs/outputs: lateral dorsal (LD) thalamic nucleus

A

input: hippocampus (limbic)
output: cingulate gyrus

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23
Q

Inputs/outputs: VA/VL thalamic nucleus

A

input: basal ganglia (mostly VA), cerebellum (mostly VL)
output: motor areas

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24
Q

Inputs/outputs: VPL thalamic nucleus

A

input: medial lemniscus, spinothalamic tract (ALP)
output: somatosensory cortex

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25
Q

Inputs/outputs: VPM thalamic nucleus

A

input: trigeminal system
output: somatosensory cortex

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26
Q

Inputs/outputs: MGN thalamic nucleus

A

input: brachium of inferior colliculus
output: auditory cortex

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27
Q

Inputs/outputs: LGN thalamic nucleus

A

input: optic tract
output: visual cortex

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28
Q

What are the two main association thalamic nuclei and where do they project?

A

DM and pulvinar

DM projects to prefrontal cortex
Pulvinar projects to parietal-occipital-temporal complex

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29
Q

What makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen and globus pallidus

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30
Q

What is the main function of the internal capsule?

A

almost all fibers going to and from the cortex pass through the IC (thalamocortical/corticothalamic fibers)

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31
Q

What forms the cerebral peduncle, and what passes through it?

A

the cerebral peduncle is formed by the IC

corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers descend it

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32
Q

What are the parts of the internal capsule?

A 
anterior limb
posterior limb
gene
retrolenticular
sublenticular

(based on relationship to lenticular nucleus)

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33
Q

What thalamic nuclei does the anterior limb of the IC transmit?

A

anterior nucleus

DM

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34
Q

What thalamic nuclei does the posterior limb of the IC transmit?

A

VA/VL

VPL/VPM

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35
Q

What thalamic nuclei does the sublenticular limb of the IC transmit?

A

MGN

also superior visual field of LGN

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36
Q

What thalamic nuclei does the retrolenticular limb of the IC transmit?

A

Pulvinar/LP

also inferior visual field of LGN

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37
Q

What is the superior border of the hypothalamus?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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38
Q

What is the anterior border of the hypothalamus?

A

lamina terminalis

39
Q

What is the posterior border of the hypothalamus?

A

midbrain tegmentum

40
Q

What is the medial border of the hypothalamus?

A

3rd ventricle

41
Q

What is the lateral border of the hypothalamus?

A

internal capsule

42
Q

How is the hypothalamus usually organized?

A

medial-lateral organization

lateral: rostral continuation of reticular formation (contains medial forebrain bundle, MFB)
periventricular: rostral continuation of PAG (contains dorsal longitudinal fasciculus)
medial: contains nuclei

43
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional and somatic functions; maintains homeostasis

44
Q

What are the three main types of connections with the hypothalamus?

A
  1. interconnected with limbic system
  2. output to pituitary gland
  3. interconnects autonomic/somatic systems
45
Q

Where does the superior hypophyseal a. go?

A

adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

46
Q

Where does the inferior hypophyseal a. go?

A

neurohypophysis (post pituitary)

47
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

A

neuroendocrine cells release products into capillaries that drain into cavernous sinus and then into general circulation

48
Q

What are the two types of nuclei that control the pituitary gland and what part of the gland do they go to?

A

parvocellular (short): control adenohypophysis through tuberoinfundibular tract

magnocellular (long): control neurohypophysis

49
Q

What are the magnocellular nuclei?

A

paraventricular nuc.
supraoptic nuc.

(to neurohyp)

50
Q

What are the parvocellular nuclei?

A

pre optic nuc.
ventromedial nuc.
arcuate nuc.

(to adenohyp)

51
Q

What hormones are released by the adenohypophysis?

A

ACTH, thyrotropin, growth hormone, prolactin, FSH, LH

not directly secreted by hypothalamus–hyp releases stimulating/inhibiting hormones

52
Q

What hormones are released by the neurohypophysis?

A

vasopressin/ADH (increases water uptake by kidney, decreases urine output)

oxytocin

53
Q

What happens if you don’t have any vasopressin/ADH?

A

diabetes insipidus

you pee a lot

54
Q

What happens if you stimulate the anterior hypothalamus?

A

parasympathetic effects

via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

55
Q

What happens if you stimulate the posterior hypothalamus?

A

sympathetic effects

via dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

56
Q

What creates the appestat?

A

interplay of lateral/ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei – can be altered by serotonin levels

57
Q

What happens if you stimulate the lateral hypothalamic nucleus? fuck it up?

A

stimulate: feed
lesion: refuse food

58
Q

What happens if you stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus? fuck it up?

A

stimulate: refuse food (also very docile)
lesion: feed (also very mean and aggressive)

59
Q

What makes the flight/flight or tend/befriend response?

A

hypothalamus

men: ACTH, cortisol released
women: oxytocin

60
Q

What are the 2 main areas that give input to the hypothalamus?

A
  1. parts of forebrain, esp limbic system (needed so hypothalamus can meditate autonomic/somatic aspects of emotional stress)
  2. brainstem and spinal cord (visceral and sensory info from body)
61
Q

What are the key structures projecting to the hypothalamus from the forebrain?

A

septal nuclei, ventral stratum, insula, orbitofrontal cortex (all via MFB)

hippocampus (via fornix)

amygdala (via stria terminalis, ventral amygdalofugal pathway)

62
Q

How does info from the brain and spinal cord get to the hypothalamus?

A

dorsal longitudinal fasciculus, MFB

mostly

63
Q

How does info get out of the hypothalamus?

A

the same pathways that it entered through

64
Q

What is the main function of the limbic systeM/

A

generate feelings/emotions from sensory inputs

memory

65
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A

cingulate, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, parts of cortex

66
Q

What is the main function of the amygdala?

A

emotional responses (esp fear)

67
Q

What is the main function of the hippocampus?

A

learning and memory

68
Q

What are the afferents to the hippocampus?

A

mostly sensory info from entorhinal cortex

also input from septal nuclei, which is mostly modulatory (affects chances that info in hippocampus will be retained)

69
Q

What are the three distinct zones of the hippocampus?

A

dental gyrus
hippocampus proper
subiculum (transition between hippocampus proper and adjacent parahippocampal cortex)

70
Q

Describe the afferent connections of the hippocampus

A
  1. Afferent fibers from sensory cortex to entorhinal cortex
  2. entorhinal projects to dentate gyrus (perforant pathway)
  3. Dentate neuron projects to CA3
  4. CA3 neuron projects into fimbria and CA1
  5. CA1 neuron projects to subiculum
  6. Subirulum projects to fimbria (alvear pathway) and back to entorhinal
  7. entorhinal projects to sensory cortex
71
Q

What is the perforant pathway?

A

when the entorhinal cortex projects to the dentate gyrus

72
Q

What is the alvear pathway?

A

when the subiculum projects to the fimbria

73
Q

What is the “gateway” of the hippocampus?

A

entorhinal cortex

74
Q

What are the efferent connections of the hippocampus?

A

mainly from the entorhinal cortex

also from the fimbria

75
Q

What axons project from the fimbria?

A

from CA3 and subiculum

76
Q

Where do the precommisural fibers of the fimbria project?

A

septal area, ventral striatum

77
Q

Where do the postcommisural fibers of the fimbria project?

A

mammillary body of hypothalamus

78
Q

Describe the Papez circuit

A
  1. neurons in cingulate gyrus project back to entorhinal cortex
  2. entorhinal cortex projects into hippocampus
  3. info goes through the fornix into mammillary bodies
  4. info goes from mammillary bodies to the thalamus (mammaillothalamic tract)
  5. projections from anterior nucleus of the thalamus to cingulate gyrus

loop begins again

this is how memories are processed

79
Q

explicit memory

A

recall facts/events aka declarative or episodic memory

long term

80
Q

semantic memory

A

pertains to spoken/written words, facts, concepts

long term

81
Q

implicit memory

A

performing a learned motor function (bike)

long term

82
Q

How are novel facts stored as memories?

A

new facts are relayed from sensory association areas to hippocampus, where they are processed and encoded and sent back to the association are (papez circuit). recollection of the memory does not usually require the hippocampus

83
Q

What happens with bilateral removal of the hippocampus? (HM)

A

could not form new episodic or semantic memories, but his working memory was intact and he could learn new skills

84
Q

What does the left hippocampus do?

A

encode novel material involving language

85
Q

What does the right hippocampus do?

A

engaged in spatial tasks like driving a car

86
Q

What are the three nuclear groups of the amygdala and what do they do?

A

medial: olfaction

central-hypothal/PAG: emotional responses

basolateral-cortex: emotional responses

87
Q

Describe the afferent connections to the amygdala

A
  • ALL sensory association areas have direct input to lateral nucleus
  • basically, you think about things (like oh thats a spider) and then its sent to the amygdala and you’re like oh shit THATS A SPIDER
88
Q

What gives you a sense of general physical comfort/discomfort?

A

orbital cortex and cingulate gyrus projections to the amygdala

89
Q

How does the amygdala get visceral sensory info?

A

from brainstem and PAG msotly

90
Q

What are the two major amygdala fiber pathways (into and out of amygdala)?

A

stria terminalis

ventral amygdalogufal pathway

91
Q

Where does the stria terminals go?

A

connects the amygdala with the hypothalamus and septal nuclei, then onto the medial forebrain bundle and central tegmental tract (brainstem)

its a thin white matter band running right under the fimbria

92
Q

Where does the ventral amygdalofugal pathway go?

A

to/from the amygdala to the thalamus, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens

93
Q

What is kluver-bucy sydnrom

A

injury to amygdala causes animals to be placcid, fearless, hyper sexual, and have visual agnosia

94
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens aka ventral striatum?

A

in the anterior brain where the caudate and putamen meet

its the limbic part of the basal ganglia

involved in drug addiction–gets dopamine release from ventral tegmental area, makes you feel high. creates loop–associate stimuli with rewards (addiction)

LAST NEURO EVER (5 decks)

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