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LAST NEURO EVER > CC > Flashcards

CC Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the neocortex have?

A

6

95% of cortex

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2
Q

How many layers does the paleocortex have?

A

3

uncus, olfaction

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3
Q

How many layers does the archicortex have?

A

3

most of hippocampus

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4
Q

How many apical dendrites does a pyramidal cell have?

A

one per cell, extends to top of cortex

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5
Q

How many basal dendrites does a pyramidal cell have?

A

many per cell, extend horizontally in cell layer

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6
Q

What are the most prevalent type of cells in the cortex? are they excitatory or inhibitory?

A

pyramidal cells are principle projection neurons

excitatory

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7
Q

What are dendritic spines?

A

on pyramidal cells, preferential site of excitatory synapses, highly regulated

may be in solved in autism, fragile X syndrome

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8
Q

Are non-pyramidal cells excitatory or inhibitory?

A

mostly inhibitory

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9
Q

What are the different types of non pyramidal cells?

A

spiny stellate cells
smooth stellate cells
bipolar cells

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10
Q

Describe spiny stellate cells

A

have spiny dendrites

general excitatory synapses w/ pyramidal cells

receive afferent info from thalamus and other areas

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11
Q

Describe smooth stellate cells

A

non spiny dendrites

inhibitory (GABA synapse w/ pyramidal)

receive recurrent collaterals from pyramidal cells (sense weakly active pyramidal cell columns and shut them down)

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12
Q

Describe bipolar cells

A

located mainly in outer layer and contain peptides that are co-released w GABA

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13
Q

What are the six cell layers of the cortex, from outer most to innermost?

A 
I: Molecular
II: Outer Granular
III: Outer pyramidal 
IV: Inner granular 
V: inner pyramidal
VI: fusiform
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14
Q

What is in the molecular layer?

A

mostly acellular

has ends of pyramidal dendrites

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15
Q

Whats in the outer granular layer?

A

small pyramidal and stellate cells

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16
Q

Whats in the outer pyramidal layer?

A

medium sized pyramidal and stellate cells

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17
Q

What layer of the cortex receives thalamocortical axons (relay nuclei)?

A

inner granular layer

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18
Q

What layer of the cortex makes up the cortical spinal tract?

A

inner pyramidal layer

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19
Q

Whats in the fusiform layer?

A

modified pyramidal cells projecting to thalamus

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20
Q

What layer is the line of gennari found in?

A

inner granular layer

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21
Q

What are the afferents to the cortex? (5)

A
  1. association fibers: from small and medial sized pyramidal cells in other parts of IPSI cortex
  2. commissural fibers: from medium sized pyramidal cells through corpus callosum or anterior commissure (R talks to L cortex)
  3. Thalamocortical fibers: from relay or association nuclei
  4. non-specific thalamocortical fibers: from intralaminar nuclei
  5. cholinergic and aminergic: from basal forebrain, hypothalamus, brainstem (MB raphe, locus ceruleus)
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22
Q

What are the efferents from the cortex?

A
  • short association (to neighboring areas)
  • long association (from lobe to lobe)
  • commisural fibers
  • primary sensory/motor to basal ganglia
  • from all areas of cortex to thalamus
  • corticopontine
  • corticospinal
  • corticobulbar
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23
Q

T/F: all efferents are pyramidal cell axons and all are excitatory

A

tru

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24
Q

What would you expect to find in an agranular part of the cortex, and where would you find it?

A
  • lots of pyramidal cells, long axons

- found in motor areas of cortex

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25
Q

What would you expect to find in a granular part of the cortex, and where would you find it?

A
  • fewer pyramidal cells because sensory areas project to nearby areas of cortex
  • found in sensory areas
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26
Q

Does the neocortex show regional specification?

A

Yes (brodmann’s areas: based on cell density)

but it is highly variable, structure not that tightly correlated with function

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27
Q

What are the main types of cortical regions? (4)

A
  1. Primary motor areas: give rise to cortical spinal tract
  2. primary sensory areas: receive info from thalamic sensory relay nuclei
  3. association areas: higher order sensory
  4. limbic areas: memory and stuff
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28
Q

How are sensory areas of the cortex arranged?

A

somatotopically

map is distorted so that highly sensitive areas have disproportionately large areas (think the giant lips thing)

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29
Q

What is the general function of the primary somatosensory cortex and where is it located?

A

initial processing of tactile and proprioceptive information

parietal lobe

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30
Q

What part of the parietal lobe is involved in language comprehension?

A

left inferior parietal lobule

31
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

occipital lobe in banks of calcimine sulcus

32
Q

What happens if you have a bilateral injury to the inferior occipital lobe?

A

color blindness

33
Q

What happens if you have a bilateral injury to the occipital-temporal junction?

A

motion blindness

34
Q

Why is the primary visual cortex called the striate cortex?

A

very defined line of gennari (stripe of white matter)

35
Q

How is the LGN organized?

A

into 6 different layers, each layer gets info from one eye.

36
Q

What do the parvocellular layers of the LGN perceive?

A

color and form

37
Q

What perceives movement and contrast in the LGN?

A

magocellular layers

38
Q

Where does the LGN project?

A

primary visual cortex

shit is upside down and backwards thing, like inferior field is superior etc etc

39
Q

What is the role of the primary visual cortex in vision?

A

breaks info down into parts: color, orientation, depth, motion etc

simultaneous, parallel processing!

recognizes duck as being duck

40
Q

T/F: cortex has a columnar organization

A

yes, columns of neurons have a very specific modality

especially noticeable in visual cortex areas

41
Q

Are columns associated with the fovea large or small?

A

small–more “pixels”

42
Q

What goes into the ventral striate cortex?

A

parvocellular layers (color and form)

43
Q

What goes into the dorsal striate cortex?

A

magnocellular layers (location, movement)

44
Q

What are the temporal lobe functions?

A

primary auditory cortex
auditory association cortex
language comprehension (wernicke’s)
higher order visual processing

45
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex?

A

frontal lober (operculum and insula)

46
Q

Where is the vestibular cortex?

A

superior temporal gyrus and posterior insula

47
Q

T/F: the olfactory complex is part of the neocortex

A

false, it is part of the paleocortex

48
Q

Where is the olfactory complex locate?

A

around amygdala, parahippocampal region

49
Q

What are the main functions of the frontal lobe?

A

motor areas of brain
broca’s area: production of speech
prefrontal cortex: executive functions, personality etc

50
Q

What does a unimodal association area do?

A

elaborates on what the neighboring primary area generates

51
Q

What does a multimodal association area do?

A

high level intellectual functions

52
Q

What is a ‘dominant hemisphere’?

A

wherever language areas are located

53
Q

What side is dominant in most people

A

left

even for left handed ppl

54
Q

Which lateral sulcus extends further back and why?

A

left, because the planum temporale is larger

55
Q

What is the planum temporale?

A

part of superior temporal gyrus, posterior to auditory cortex

56
Q

Where are language areas generally located?

A

near the left lateral sulcus

think about motor homunculus thing: mouth areas are near lateral sulcus…need your mouth to talk

57
Q

What lobe is brocas area in?

A

frontal

58
Q

What lobe is wernicke’s area in?

A

temporal

59
Q

nonfluent aphasia: where

A

broca’s

60
Q

Can someone with broca’s aphasia understand language?

A

yes, but they cannot produce speech

61
Q

fluent aphasia: where

A

wernicke’s

62
Q

Can someone with wernicke’s aphasia understand language?

A

no, they just spew a bunch of nonsensical words endlessly

63
Q

How do broca and wernicke’s areas communicate?

A

white matter tract called arcuate fasciculus

64
Q

What role does the right hemisphere play in language?

A

produces emotional content (rhythm, tone etc), called prosody

65
Q

What area produces prosody?

A

right inferior frontal gyrus (think about broca)

66
Q

What area understand prosody?

A

right posterior temporoparietal region (think about wernicke)

67
Q

What happens if you damage your right parietal lobe?

A

you have trouble with left side of body–can even reject its existence

68
Q

What happens if you damage your left parietal lobe?

A

can’t plan movements accurately

called apraxias

ask patient to touch nose–cant do it

69
Q

What part of the cortex is interconnected with the dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus?

A

prefrontal cortex

70
Q

What part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in working memory, solving problems and maintaining attention?

A

dorsolateral

71
Q

What part of the prefrontal cortex is involved in making people impulsive and unable to suppress emotions?

A

ventromedial

72
Q

What do the corpus callosum and anterior commissures connect:

A

CC: opposite sides of cortex

anterior commissure: inferior temporal lobes, olfactory nuclei

73
Q

When would ‘alexia without agraphia’ occur?

A

if the corpus callosum is damaged, you may be able to write but not read because your language areas on the left are isolated from all visual input

LAST NEURO EVER (5 decks)

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