FB - General Anaesthetics

Question 1

What is the primary purpose of general anesthetics?

Answer 1

To produce unconsciousness and lack of responsiveness to painful stimuli during invasive medical procedures.

Question 2

What are the stages of general anesthesia?

Answer 2

Pre-assessment/premedication, induction, airway management, maintenance, reversal, and post-operative care.

Question 3

What are the properties of ideal general anesthetics?

Answer 3

Unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, amnesia, fast onset and reversal, minimal adverse effects.

Question 4

What is balanced anesthesia?

Answer 4

Using combinations of drugs for Pain relief, Unconsciousness and Inhibition of reflexes

Question 5

What are the two main types of general anesthetics?

Answer 5

Inhalation and intravenous general anesthetics.

Question 6

How do inhalation anesthetics like halothane and isoflurane work?

Answer 6

They act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA receptors to reduce neuronal activity, leading to anesthesia.

Question 7

What clinical considerations are important for general anesthesia?

Answer 7

Safe administration, monitoring during anesthesia, and managing potential complications.

Question 8

What is the role of pre-assessment in general anesthesia?

Answer 8

To evaluate patient health, potential adverse reactions and plan anesthesia care.

Question 9

What is induction in general anesthesia?

Answer 9

The process of transitioning the patient from consciousness to unconsciousness.

Question 10

Why is airway management crucial in general anesthesia?

Answer 10

To maintain patient breathing and oxygenation during unconsciousness.

Question 11

What is involved in the maintenance phase of general anesthesia?

Answer 11

Keeping the patient in a stable anesthetic state during surgery.

Question 12

How is anesthesia reversed post-operation?

Answer 12

By discontinuing anesthetic agents and supporting return to consciousness.

Question 13

What post-operative care is essential after general anesthesia?

Answer 13

Monitoring recovery, managing pain, and identifying complications.

Question 14

What are common inhalation anesthetics?

Answer 14

Halothane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane.

Question 15

What are common intravenous anesthetics?

Answer 15

Propofol, Etomidate, Ketamine, Thiopental.

Question 16

What is an advantage of using Propofol as an anesthetic for short procedures?

Answer 16

It has a rapid onset of action and short half-life for fast induction and reversal.

Question 17

What is a unique feature of Ketamine as an anesthetic?

Answer 17

It provides dissociative anesthesia and analgesia.

Question 18

How is the depth of anesthesia monitored?

Answer 18

Using clinical signs and monitoring equipment like EEG.

Question 19

What are potential complications of general anesthesia?

Answer 19

Respiratory depression, hypotension, nausea, and allergic reactions.

Question 20

How is pain managed post-anesthesia?

Answer 20

Using analgesics like opioids or non-opioid pain medications.

Question 21

What factors influence the choice of anesthetic agents?

Answer 21

Patient’s health status, surgical procedure, and duration.

Question 22

What are the effects of general anesthesia on cardiovascular function?

Answer 22

It can cause hypotension, bradycardia and increases risk of arrhythmias.

Question 23

What is the significance of muscle relaxants in anesthesia?

Answer 23

They facilitate laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation to facilitate surgical access by relaxing jaw, neck and airway muscles.

Question 24

How is breathing supported during general anesthesia?

Answer 24

Through mechanical ventilation or assisted breathing techniques.

Question 25

What is the role of an anesthesiologist during surgery?

Answer 25

To administer and adjust anesthetics, monitor patient vital signs, and oversee anesthesia reversal and patient recovery for procedure.

Question 26

How do general anesthetics affect respiratory function?

Answer 26

They can depress respiratory drive and protective airway reflexes.

Question 27

What are the considerations for anesthetic dose in elderly patients?

Answer 27

They may require lower doses due to decreased drug clearance.

Question 28

How does anesthesia affect thermoregulation?

Answer 28

It can cause hypothermia due to impaired thermoregulatory control.

Question 29

What are the risks associated with prolonged anesthesia?

Answer 29

Increased risk of complications like deep vein thrombosis and pressure sores.

Question 30

How is nausea and vomiting managed post-anesthesia?

Answer 30

Using antiemetics like ondansetron or dexamethasone.

Question 31

How is fluid balance maintained during anesthesia?

Answer 31

Through IV fluids and monitoring urine output.

Question 32

What is the significance of fasting before anesthesia?

Answer 32

To reduce the risk of aspiration during induction.

Question 33

What are the effects of anesthetics on renal function?

Answer 33

They can reduce renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.

Question 34

How do anesthetics affect the nervous system?

Answer 34

They can cause temporary cognitive dysfunction or delirium post-surgery.

Question 35

How are blood gases monitored during anesthesia?

Answer 35

Using arterial blood gas analysis to assess oxygenation and ventilation.

Question 36

How do anesthetics interact with other medications?

Answer 36

They can interact with drugs like opioids, causing enhanced effects or complications.

Question 37

What is the aim of using general anesthetics?

Answer 37

To produce unconsciousness and a lack of responsiveness to all painful stimuli​​.

Question 38

What are the primary induction agents used in general anesthesia?

Answer 38

Short-acting barbiturates like thiopentone​​.

Question 39

What is the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) in the context of inhalation anesthetics?

Answer 39

MAC is the minimum concentration of anesthetic in the alveolar air that produces immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a painful stimulus​​.

Question 40

How is the onset of inhalation anesthetics affected by their blood solubility?

Answer 40

Higher blood solubility results in a slower onset of the anesthetic​​.

Question 41

What are the onset and duration parameters of Thiopentone (Sodium thiopental) as an intravenous anesthetic?

Answer 41

Rapid onset of action and ultra-short duration due to redistribution to less vascularized tissues​​.

Question 42

What is the role of opioids in general anesthesia?

Answer 42

Opioids like fentanyl and morphine are used for analgesia during the perioperative period​​.

Question 43

What are the adverse effects of Ketamine?

Answer 43

Unpleasant psychological reactions such as hallucinations and disturbing dreams during recovery​​.

Question 44

What is the significance of the GABA receptor in the action of general anesthetics?

Answer 44

GABA receptors are a common target for many general anesthetics, facilitating inhibitory neurotransmission​​.

Question 45

How does the potency of inhalation anesthetics relate to their MAC values?

Answer 45

Lower MAC values indicate higher anesthetic potency​​.