FB - Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions Flashcards
What is an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)?
A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended.
Name the two main types of ADRs.
Type A (Dose-related) and Type B (Not dose-related).
How can ADRs be prevented?
Through careful patient monitoring and dose adjustments.
What is Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs)?
A change in the effect of a drug when taken with another drug.
Give an example of a predictable Type A ADR.
Bleeding from anticoagulants.
How does aspirin and warfarin interaction manifest?
Excessive bleeding due to PD and PK interactions.
What might unexpected pregnancy indicate in terms of DDIs?
Failure of contraceptives due to PK interactions.
Why is therapeutic balance important in medication management?
To maximize benefits while minimizing harms.
What is the significance of reporting ADR incidences?
It helps in monitoring and improving drug safety.
What tool can be used to report ADRs in the document’s context?
www.hsa.gov.sg
What is an example of a Type B ADR?
Penicillin allergy.
What are some examples of unwanted pharmacological effects categorized under Type A ADRs?
Sedation, hypoglycemic coma, tremors.
What is the role of Medic Awas (SMA) in ADR management?
Supplying bracelets and cards stating allergies and other disease states.
How can Type A ADRs be treated and are they preventable?
With dose adjustment and monitoring; many are preventable.
What kind of drug interaction causes death due to excessive sedation?
Pharmacodynamic interaction involving propofol, diazepam, and lorazepam.
How can knowledge of ADRs and DDIs be applied to clinical scenarios?
By predicting potential adverse effects and avoiding harmful drug combinations.
What is a key example of a drug affecting metabolism leading to ADRs?
Warfarin’s metabolism affected by various drugs leading to increased bleeding risk.
What is a Type A (Dose-related) ADR?
An ADR that is related to the dose of the drug.
What is a Type B (Not dose-related) ADR?
An ADR that is not related to the dose of the drug, often immunologic.
Give an example of a clinical scenario involving ADRs.
Managing a patient on warfarin with a new prescription that increases bleeding risk.
What constitutes an Adverse-Drug Event (ADE)?
Any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient.
How is patient safety considered in the context of ADRs and DDIs?
By understanding and preventing ADRs and DDIs to minimize harm.
What is the importance of differentiating underlying mechanisms for ADRs?
To tailor prevention and treatment strategies effectively.
How are Type A and Type B ADRs recognized?
Through clinical presentation and the drug’s pharmacologic profile.
How do DDIs affect drug metabolism?
They can either enhance or inhibit the metabolism of drugs, altering their effects.
What is a pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction?
When two drugs affect the same physiological process but in different ways.
What is a pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction?
When one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug.
Why is monitoring for ADRs critical in-patient care?
To promptly identify and manage potential harms, ensuring safety.
How can clinicians minimize the risk of DDIs?
By reviewing patient medication histories and using drug interaction checkers.
What are the learning outcomes related to ADRs and DDIs in the document?
Differentiating ADR mechanisms, recognizing examples, and applying knowledge clinically.
What is the significance of therapeutic balance in ADR management?
Balancing the desired therapeutic effects against the potential adverse effects.
How can ADRs impact clinical decision-making?
They necessitate adjustments in drug selection and dosing strategies.
What strategies are recommended for preventing ADRs?
Patient education, drug monitoring, and using alternatives when possible.
How should unexpected drug reactions be managed?
By discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care as needed.
What role do healthcare professionals play in ADR prevention?
They must be vigilant in monitoring for signs of ADRs and educate patients.
How does the concept of DDIs extend to clinical practice?
It guides the safe prescribing of drug combinations to avoid adverse outcomes.
What are key considerations in reporting ADRs?
Accuracy of information, promptness, and understanding the reporting mechanism.
How do ADRs and DDIs relate to patient safety?
They are critical factors in ensuring the safe use of medications.
What is the impact of ADRs on healthcare systems?
They contribute to increased healthcare costs and patient morbidity.
How can technology aid in managing DDIs?
Through electronic health records and drug interaction alert systems.
Why is patient history important in assessing the risk of ADRs?
It provides context on potential sensitivities or predispositions to ADRs.
How do pharmacogenomics relate to ADRs?
Genetic variations can affect drug metabolism and susceptibility to ADRs.
What are the challenges in ADR surveillance?
Detecting rare ADRs and establishing causality.
How do regulatory bodies influence ADR management?
Through guidelines, drug approval processes, and post-marketing surveillance.
What is the role of patient education in preventing ADRs?
Informing patients about potential ADRs and adherence to prescribed regimens.
