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(Phase 1) YLL Pharm AY 24/25 > FB - General Anaesthetics > Flashcards

FB - General Anaesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of general anesthetics?

A

To produce unconsciousness and lack of responsiveness to painful stimuli during invasive medical procedures.

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2
Q

What are the stages of general anesthesia?

A

Pre-assessment/premedication, induction, airway management, maintenance, reversal, and post-operative care.

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3
Q

What are the properties of ideal general anesthetics?

A

Unconsciousness, analgesia, muscle relaxation, amnesia, fast onset and reversal, minimal adverse effects.

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4
Q

What is balanced anesthesia?

A

Using combinations of drugs for Pain relief, Unconsciousness and Inhibition of reflexes

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5
Q

What are the two main types of general anesthetics?

A

Inhalation and intravenous general anesthetics.

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6
Q

How do inhalation anesthetics like halothane and isoflurane work?

A

They act as positive allosteric modulators of GABA receptors to reduce neuronal activity, leading to anesthesia.

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7
Q

What clinical considerations are important for general anesthesia?

A

Safe administration, monitoring during anesthesia, and managing potential complications.

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8
Q

What is the role of pre-assessment in general anesthesia?

A

To evaluate patient health, potential adverse reactions and plan anesthesia care.

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9
Q

What is induction in general anesthesia?

A

The process of transitioning the patient from consciousness to unconsciousness.

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10
Q

Why is airway management crucial in general anesthesia?

A

To maintain patient breathing and oxygenation during unconsciousness.

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11
Q

What is involved in the maintenance phase of general anesthesia?

A

Keeping the patient in a stable anesthetic state during surgery.

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12
Q

How is anesthesia reversed post-operation?

A

By discontinuing anesthetic agents and supporting return to consciousness.

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13
Q

What post-operative care is essential after general anesthesia?

A

Monitoring recovery, managing pain, and identifying complications.

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14
Q

What are common inhalation anesthetics?

A

Halothane, Isoflurane, Sevoflurane, Desflurane.

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15
Q

What are common intravenous anesthetics?

A

Propofol, Etomidate, Ketamine, Thiopental.

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16
Q

What is an advantage of using Propofol as an anesthetic for short procedures?

A

It has a rapid onset of action and short half-life for fast induction and reversal.

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17
Q

What is a unique feature of Ketamine as an anesthetic?

A

It provides dissociative anesthesia and analgesia.

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18
Q

How is the depth of anesthesia monitored?

A

Using clinical signs and monitoring equipment like EEG.

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19
Q

What are potential complications of general anesthesia?

A

Respiratory depression, hypotension, nausea, and allergic reactions.

20
Q

How is pain managed post-anesthesia?

A

Using analgesics like opioids or non-opioid pain medications.

21
Q

What factors influence the choice of anesthetic agents?

A

Patient’s health status, surgical procedure, and duration.

22
Q

What are the effects of general anesthesia on cardiovascular function?

A

It can cause hypotension, bradycardia and increases risk of arrhythmias.

23
Q

What is the significance of muscle relaxants in anesthesia?

A

They facilitate laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation to facilitate surgical access by relaxing jaw, neck and airway muscles.

24
Q

How is breathing supported during general anesthesia?

A

Through mechanical ventilation or assisted breathing techniques.

25
Q

What is the role of an anesthesiologist during surgery?

A

To administer and adjust anesthetics, monitor patient vital signs, and oversee anesthesia reversal and patient recovery for procedure.

26
Q

How do general anesthetics affect respiratory function?

A

They can depress respiratory drive and protective airway reflexes.

27
Q

What are the considerations for anesthetic dose in elderly patients?

A

They may require lower doses due to decreased drug clearance.

28
Q

How does anesthesia affect thermoregulation?

A

It can cause hypothermia due to impaired thermoregulatory control.

29
Q

What are the risks associated with prolonged anesthesia?

A

Increased risk of complications like deep vein thrombosis and pressure sores.

30
Q

How is nausea and vomiting managed post-anesthesia?

A

Using antiemetics like ondansetron or dexamethasone.

31
Q

How is fluid balance maintained during anesthesia?

A

Through IV fluids and monitoring urine output.

32
Q

What is the significance of fasting before anesthesia?

A

To reduce the risk of aspiration during induction.

33
Q

What are the effects of anesthetics on renal function?

A

They can reduce renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.

34
Q

How do anesthetics affect the nervous system?

A

They can cause temporary cognitive dysfunction or delirium post-surgery.

35
Q

How are blood gases monitored during anesthesia?

A

Using arterial blood gas analysis to assess oxygenation and ventilation.

36
Q

How do anesthetics interact with other medications?

A

They can interact with drugs like opioids, causing enhanced effects or complications.

37
Q

What is the aim of using general anesthetics?

A

To produce unconsciousness and a lack of responsiveness to all painful stimuli​​.

38
Q

What are the primary induction agents used in general anesthesia?

A

Short-acting barbiturates like thiopentone​​.

39
Q

What is the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) in the context of inhalation anesthetics?

A

MAC is the minimum concentration of anesthetic in the alveolar air that produces immobility in 50% of patients exposed to a painful stimulus​​.

40
Q

How is the onset of inhalation anesthetics affected by their blood solubility?

A

Higher blood solubility results in a slower onset of the anesthetic​​.

41
Q

What are the onset and duration parameters of Thiopentone (Sodium thiopental) as an intravenous anesthetic?

A

Rapid onset of action and ultra-short duration due to redistribution to less vascularized tissues​​.

42
Q

What is the role of opioids in general anesthesia?

A

Opioids like fentanyl and morphine are used for analgesia during the perioperative period​​.

43
Q

What are the adverse effects of Ketamine?

A

Unpleasant psychological reactions such as hallucinations and disturbing dreams during recovery​​.

44
Q

What is the significance of the GABA receptor in the action of general anesthetics?

A

GABA receptors are a common target for many general anesthetics, facilitating inhibitory neurotransmission​​.

45
Q

How does the potency of inhalation anesthetics relate to their MAC values?

A

Lower MAC values indicate higher anesthetic potency​​.

(Phase 1) YLL Pharm AY 24/25 (41 decks)

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