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(Phase 1) YLL Pharmacology AY 24/25 > FB - Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions > Flashcards

FB - Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)?

A

A response to a drug which is noxious and unintended.

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2
Q

Name the two main types of ADRs.

A

Type A (Dose-related) and Type B (Not dose-related).

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3
Q

How can ADRs be prevented?

A

Through careful patient monitoring and dose adjustments.

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4
Q

What is Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs)?

A

A change in the effect of a drug when taken with another drug.

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5
Q

Give an example of a predictable Type A ADR.

A

Bleeding from anticoagulants.

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6
Q

How does aspirin and warfarin interaction manifest?

A

Excessive bleeding due to PD and PK interactions.

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7
Q

What might unexpected pregnancy indicate in terms of DDIs?

A

Failure of contraceptives due to PK interactions.

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8
Q

Why is therapeutic balance important in medication management?

A

To maximize benefits while minimizing harms.

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9
Q

What is the significance of reporting ADR incidences?

A

It helps in monitoring and improving drug safety.

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10
Q

What tool can be used to report ADRs in the document’s context?

A

www.hsa.gov.sg

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11
Q

What is an example of a Type B ADR?

A

Penicillin allergy.

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12
Q

What are some examples of unwanted pharmacological effects categorized under Type A ADRs?

A

Sedation, hypoglycemic coma, tremors.

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13
Q

What is the role of Medic Awas (SMA) in ADR management?

A

Supplying bracelets and cards stating allergies and other disease states.

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14
Q

How can Type A ADRs be treated and are they preventable?

A

With dose adjustment and monitoring; many are preventable.

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15
Q

What kind of drug interaction causes death due to excessive sedation?

A

Pharmacodynamic interaction involving propofol, diazepam, and lorazepam.

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16
Q

How can knowledge of ADRs and DDIs be applied to clinical scenarios?

A

By predicting potential adverse effects and avoiding harmful drug combinations.

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17
Q

What is a key example of a drug affecting metabolism leading to ADRs?

A

Warfarin’s metabolism affected by various drugs leading to increased bleeding risk.

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18
Q

What is a Type A (Dose-related) ADR?

A

An ADR that is related to the dose of the drug.

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19
Q

What is a Type B (Not dose-related) ADR?

A

An ADR that is not related to the dose of the drug, often immunologic.

20
Q

Give an example of a clinical scenario involving ADRs.

A

Managing a patient on warfarin with a new prescription that increases bleeding risk.

21
Q

What constitutes an Adverse-Drug Event (ADE)?

A

Any undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient.

22
Q

How is patient safety considered in the context of ADRs and DDIs?

A

By understanding and preventing ADRs and DDIs to minimize harm.

23
Q

What is the importance of differentiating underlying mechanisms for ADRs?

A

To tailor prevention and treatment strategies effectively.

24
Q

How are Type A and Type B ADRs recognized?

A

Through clinical presentation and the drug’s pharmacologic profile.

25
Q

How do DDIs affect drug metabolism?

A

They can either enhance or inhibit the metabolism of drugs, altering their effects.

26
Q

What is a pharmacodynamic (PD) interaction?

A

When two drugs affect the same physiological process but in different ways.

27
Q

What is a pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction?

A

When one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug.

28
Q

Why is monitoring for ADRs critical in-patient care?

A

To promptly identify and manage potential harms, ensuring safety.

29
Q

How can clinicians minimize the risk of DDIs?

A

By reviewing patient medication histories and using drug interaction checkers.

30
Q

What are the learning outcomes related to ADRs and DDIs in the document?

A

Differentiating ADR mechanisms, recognizing examples, and applying knowledge clinically.

31
Q

What is the significance of therapeutic balance in ADR management?

A

Balancing the desired therapeutic effects against the potential adverse effects.

32
Q

How can ADRs impact clinical decision-making?

A

They necessitate adjustments in drug selection and dosing strategies.

33
Q

What strategies are recommended for preventing ADRs?

A

Patient education, drug monitoring, and using alternatives when possible.

34
Q

How should unexpected drug reactions be managed?

A

By discontinuing the offending drug and providing supportive care as needed.

35
Q

What role do healthcare professionals play in ADR prevention?

A

They must be vigilant in monitoring for signs of ADRs and educate patients.

36
Q

How does the concept of DDIs extend to clinical practice?

A

It guides the safe prescribing of drug combinations to avoid adverse outcomes.

37
Q

What are key considerations in reporting ADRs?

A

Accuracy of information, promptness, and understanding the reporting mechanism.

38
Q

How do ADRs and DDIs relate to patient safety?

A

They are critical factors in ensuring the safe use of medications.

39
Q

What is the impact of ADRs on healthcare systems?

A

They contribute to increased healthcare costs and patient morbidity.

40
Q

How can technology aid in managing DDIs?

A

Through electronic health records and drug interaction alert systems.

41
Q

Why is patient history important in assessing the risk of ADRs?

A

It provides context on potential sensitivities or predispositions to ADRs.

42
Q

How do pharmacogenomics relate to ADRs?

A

Genetic variations can affect drug metabolism and susceptibility to ADRs.

43
Q

What are the challenges in ADR surveillance?

A

Detecting rare ADRs and establishing causality.

44
Q

How do regulatory bodies influence ADR management?

A

Through guidelines, drug approval processes, and post-marketing surveillance.

45
Q

What is the role of patient education in preventing ADRs?

A

Informing patients about potential ADRs and adherence to prescribed regimens.

(Phase 1) YLL Pharmacology AY 24/25 (36 decks)

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