Fatty Acids

Question 1

First important regulatory point in fatty acids beta-oxidation is the?

Answer 1

carnitine/acyl
carnitine shuttle

Question 2

Regulation of β-oxidation: what is the rate limiting step of fatty acid oxidation?

Answer 2

The carnitine shuttle

Question 3

fatty acids that enter the mitochondrial are destined for?

Answer 3

β-oxidation

Question 4

What is the first intermediate produced during fatty acid
synthesis

Answer 4

malonyl CoA

Question 5

What inhibits the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase l and therefore blocks β-oxidation from
proceeding

Answer 5

Malonyl CoA

Question 6

Which transcription factor also promotes transcription of genes required to break down fats

Answer 6

CREB

Question 7

Biosynthesis of macromolecules is?

Answer 7

reductive and endergonic (energy requiring process

Question 8

What usually serves as the reducing agent

Answer 8

NADPH

Question 9

What are the primary component of
triacylglycerols and phospholipids of cell membranes
and other cellular components (i.e. biologically

Answer 9

Fatty acids

Question 10

Reducing agents in B-oxidation?

Answer 10

FAD
NAD+

Question 11

Metabolites produced due to high levels of NADH compared to NAD inhibit what enzyme?

Answer 11

B-hydroxyacl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 12

Which enzyme does acetylCoA inhibit?

Answer 12

Thiolase

Question 13

What enzyme catalyses the formation of malonyl CoA

Answer 13

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

Question 14

What phosphorylates and inactive ACC?

Answer 14

cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Question 15

……..phosphorylates several targets e.g Acetyl CoA Carboxylase

Answer 15

AMP activated kinase (AMPK)

Question 16

What happens when acetyl CoA is phosphorylated?

Answer 16

It becomes inactivated and switched off

Question 17

Why will defects on fatty acids oxidation impart carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 17

Because metabolic pathways are LINKED

Question 18

Chain growth is Catalysed by a set of…..enzymatic reactions called….

Answer 18

E enzymatic reactions

Fatty Acid synthase System (FAS)

Question 19

……have the FAS I-multifunctional enzymes with domains with 7 active site.

Answer 19

Mammals

Question 20

What are the reducing agents for beta oxidation

Question 21

How is Thiol group (-SH of cys residue of enzyme) of ACP and KS (beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase) charged?

Answer 21

Charged by being condensed with malonyl CoA and AcetylCoA respectively.

Question 22

What enzyme transfers malonyl CoA to -SH of ACP?

Answer 22

Malonyl CoA transferase (MT)

Question 23

What enzyme foes this. Acetyl CoA is transferred to -SH B-ketoacyl CoA ACP?

Answer 23

Acetyl CoA transacetylase . AT

Question 24

Mention thd first way of chain lengthing and what catalyses it?

Answer 24

B-ketoacyl synthase (KS)

Question 25

Is malonyl coA a good nucleophile?

Answer 25

Yes. Loves things with positive charge

Question 26

What is the product of the first chain elongation step?

Answer 26

Acetoacetyl-ACP

Question 27

Name the second step and what catalyses it? What it's reduced to and its electron donor?

Answer 27

1. Reduction of carbonyl group 2. B-ketoacyl-ACP Reductase 3. D-B-hydroxylbutyryl-ACP 4. NADPH

Question 28

Name the third step and what catalyses it? What its formed to and on which carbons does it occur?

Answer 28

Dehydration B-hydroxylacyl-ACP dehydratase Trans-◇^2-butenoyl-ACP C2 C3

Question 29

Set of 4 reactions occur when substrate is bound at the.....

Answer 29

ACP

Question 30

After these reactions the chain is translocation to.....

Answer 30

KS where the acetylCoA had been at the beginning of the reaction).

Question 31

What is the point of tranlocating the chain to KS....

Answer 31

To free up ACP-SH to take up and charge another malonyl CoA.

Question 32

How many carbons are added to lengthen the fatty acid chain during each set of reaction?

Answer 32

2 carbons

Question 33

How many sets if reaction form palmitate (16Carbons)

Answer 33

7

Question 34

List 2 essential fatty acids?

Answer 34

Linoleate Alpha linolenic acid

Question 35

What are the precursors for monounsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 35

Palmitate Stearate

Question 36

Desaturated of fatty acid chains requires oxidative reactions of mixed function oxidase called....

Answer 36

Fatty acyl CoA desaturase

Question 37

What makes up chylomicrons?

Answer 37

Apolipoproteins, cholesterol, triacyglycerols

Question 38

What covers the surface of the chylomicron?

Answer 38

Phosphodiester head groups of the triacylglycerols

Question 39

Which lipoprotein serve as recognition sites for transport and metabolism

Answer 39

Lipoprotein B-48, C-II, C-II

Question 40

What makes up 80% of the chylomicron?

Answer 40

Fatty acid chains

Question 41

What activates lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 41

Apolipoprotein C-II

Question 42

Function of lipoprotein lipase?

Answer 42

Converting triacylglycerols to fatty acids and glycerol

Question 43

Function of perilipins?

Answer 43

Prevent lipid droplets from untimely lipid mobilization

Question 44

Hormones response for low glucose levels

Answer 44

Glucagon and epinephrine

Question 45

What phosphorylates perilipins and what do phosphorylated perilipins interact with?

Question 46

Name the active sites of alpha chains?

Answer 46

B-enoyl-CoA hydratase B-hydroxyl CoA dehydrogenase

Question 47

Active sites of beta chains?

Answer 47

Thiolase

Question 48

How many ATPs are formed per 1 cycle of fatty acid oxidation?

Answer 48

4 ATPS 1 FADH2= 1.5 ATP 1 NADH= 2.5 ATP TOTAL= 4 ATP WHERE 2 CARBON UNITS ARE REMOVED

Question 49

Coenzyme A is needed to continue B-oxidation. How is more Coenzyme A Freed up?

Answer 49

By converting Acetyl CoA to ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are acidic hence reduce blood pH causing acidosis