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Biochemistry II Exam 2 > Fat Synthesis > Flashcards

Fat Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Eating lots of what substance stimulates fat synthesis?

A

Sugar

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2
Q

Eating lots of what substance raises blood glucose?

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

What are the two transport mechanisms for glucose to enter the cell?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system, sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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4
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism utilizes glucose transporters (GLUT)?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system

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5
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism moves glucose down the concentration gradient (high to low)?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system

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6
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism is ATP dependent?

A

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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7
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism transports glucose against the concentration gradient?

A

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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8
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism is utilized in muscle and the liver?

A

Sodium independent facilitated transport system

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9
Q

Which glucose transport mechanism is utilized in epithelial cells of intestines, renal tubules, and the choroid plexus?

A

Sodium-monosaccharide co-transport system (SGLT)

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10
Q

What is the name of the hexose sugar transporter located in intestinal, kidney, LIVER, and beta cell tissue?

A

GLUT2

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11
Q

What is the name of the hexose sugar transporter located in fat and muscles (including the heart)?

A

GLUT4

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12
Q

Which hexose sugar transporter is regulated by insulin?

A

GLUT4

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13
Q

What is the substrate specificity of GLUT2?

A

Glucose, galactose, and fructose

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14
Q

What is the substrate specificity of GLUT4?

A

Glucose ONLY

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15
Q

Which GLUT transporter is stimulated by low energy charge?

A

GLUT4

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16
Q

What happens by adding a phosphate to glucose in muscle?

A

Glucose concentration thus remains low and glucose keeps coming in

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17
Q

What occurs to glucose 6 phosphate in muscle when muscle energy charge is low?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate runs through glycolysis, pre step, and Krebs to make more ATP

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18
Q

What occurs to glucose 6 phosphate in muscle when muscle glycogen is low?

A

Glucose 6 phosphate is then converted into glycogen

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19
Q

In skeletal muscle, what results in a tenfold increase in glucose uptake?

A

Exercise or insulin

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20
Q

About what percentage of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle?

A

90% (the rest would be adipose tissue)

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21
Q

Exercise stimulates the accumulation of GLUT4 in the cell membrane for up to how many hours after the exercise?

A

1-2

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22
Q

What is the location of hexokinase?

A

Muscle

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23
Q

What is the location of glucokinase?

A

Liver

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24
Q

Which enzyme (glucokinase or hexokinase) IS inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phophate?

A

Hexokinase

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25
Q

What happens to glucose if the muscle is full of glycogen?

A

Glucose goes to the liver

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26
Q

What happens to glucose if the muscle is NOT full of glycogen?

A

Glucose is stored as glycogen

27
Q

What is the overall mechanism of how glucose enters muscle?

A

Facilitated diffusion (will only occur when the concentration in the blood exceeds the muscle)

28
Q

Which enzyme, glucokinase or hexokinase, has a lesser affinity for glucose?

A

Glucokinase

29
Q

Which enzyme (glucokinase or hexokinase) is NOT inhibited by its product, glucose-6-phophate?

A

Glucokinase

30
Q

What two things stimulate glucokinase?

A

Insulin and fructose

31
Q

Where does the synthesis of fatty acids occur?

A

Cytosol

32
Q

What are the three ingredients for synthesis of fatty acids?

A

Two carbon pieces (acetyl), electrons (NADPH), and energy (ATP)

33
Q

What is the primary tissue for the synthesis of fatty acids?

A

Liver

34
Q

During the process of fatty acids synthesis, glycolysis produces what necessary intermediate?

A

Pyruvate

35
Q

From what is malonyl CoA made?

A

Acetyl CoA

36
Q

What is the rate limiting and regulatory step of fatty acid synthesis?

A

Synthesis of malonyl CoA with the enzyme, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)

37
Q

Polymerization of inactive acetyl coA carboxylase (ACC) is activated by what?

A

Citrate

38
Q

Which protein kinase phosphorylates and inactivates ACC?

A

AMPK (so do epinephrine and glucagon)

39
Q

What affect does insulin have on ACC?

A

Dephosphorylates and activates it

40
Q

What type of diet increases ACC synthesis which increases fatty acid synthesis?

A

High calorie/high carbohydrate diet

41
Q

What type of diet decreases ACC synthesis which decreases fatty acid synthesis?

A

Low calorie/high fat diet

42
Q

What affect does fasting have on ACC synthesis?

A

Decreases

43
Q

What two things stimulate ACC synthesis?

A

Citrate and insulin

44
Q

What things inhibit ACC synthesis?

A

Malonyl CoA, palmitoyl CoA (end product), epinephrine, glucagon

45
Q

How does Metformin aid with type 2 diabetes?

A

Inhibits the synthesis of ACC, activates AMPK, decreases SREBP-1, lowers blood glucose

46
Q

What molecule is used for reduction reactions for fatty acid synthase?

A

NADPH

47
Q

During the last step of fatty acid synthase, what enzyme cleaves the thirster bond and releases the final product?

A

Palmitoyl thioesterase

48
Q

What is the end product of fatty acid synthase?

A

Palmitate (16:0)

49
Q

Where does the NADPH come from for the reduction steps in FAS?

A

Pentose phosphate pathway and/or malate switching to pyruvate in the cytosol

50
Q

Are fatty acids highly oxidized or highly reduced molecules?

A

Highly reduced

51
Q

What do desaturases do to accomplish desaturation?

A

Add double bonds

52
Q

Humans cannot create double bonds past which carbon?

A

9-10th

53
Q

Which modification of palmitate requires NADPH?

A

Elongation

54
Q

Where does the degradation of fatty acids occur?

A

Mitochondria

55
Q

Is ATP required for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Yes

56
Q

Does the degradation of fatty acids create energy?

A

Yes

57
Q

What are the four types of reaction steps in FAS?

A

Condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction

58
Q

What stops the TCA from going through during fatty acid synthesis?

A

ATP inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase

59
Q

What is the primary site of fructose disposal?

A

Liver

60
Q

How much of fructose is extracted by the liver on the first pass?

A

50%

61
Q

How much of fructose is extracted by the liver?

A

70%

62
Q

What two enzymes are essential for fructose metabolism that are highly expressed in the liver?

A

Fructokinase and triokinase

63
Q

What effect does fructose have on glucokinase?

A

Stimulation

64
Q

What is significant about fructose and the regulation of PFK?

A

It skips this regulation

Biochemistry II Exam 2 (3 decks)

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