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Nutrition > Fat-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What do fat soluble vitamins require for absorption?

A
  • requirement for dietary fat and bile acids for absorption in the intestine
  • malabsorption issues such as pancreatic disease (cystic fibrosis) can impact this
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2
Q

What is the transport system for fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Chylomicrons

- Travel with triglycerides in the lymph to enter blood stream

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3
Q

High levels of fat-soluble vitamins in the body causes?

A
  • Can be stored in the body

- Can build up to toxic levels

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4
Q

Animal vs plant sources of Vitamin A?

A
  • Animal sources are preformed, plants contain provitamin form (carotenoids)
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5
Q

Are plant sources or animal sources easier to absorb vitamin A?

A
  • Animal sources, because it is similar to our biology
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6
Q

Beta-carotene?

A
  • Plant source

- Absorbed as we need it, greater intake results in less absorption

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7
Q

Greater intake of beta-carotene results in…?

A
  • Less absorbed
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8
Q

Both plant and animal sources of Vitamin A must….?

A
  • Detach from its protein by pepsin in stomach for absorption
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9
Q

Best sources of Vitamin A in our diet?

A
  • Egg yolks
  • Squash
  • Yellow and orange vegetables and fruit
  • Beef liver extremely high
  • Dairy
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10
Q

Where in Canada is Vitamin A deficiency most prevalent?

A
  • Newfoundland
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11
Q

What is the main cause of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Poor dietary choices

- Common in children

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12
Q

What can Vitamin A deficiency cause?

A
  • Blindness
  • Decrease in immune function
  • mostly in developing countries
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13
Q

Role of Vitamin A in cell differentiation?

A
  • maintains epithelial tissues such as skin and internal cavities, teeth, skeletal and soft tissue
  • also known as retinol, important for vision
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14
Q

What is retinol?

A
  • Form of Vitamin A, converted to retinal for vision
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15
Q

Retinal and cis bonds?

A
  • Has a cis bond

- This kinks the molecule

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16
Q

What is vitamin A’s role in the visual cycle?

A
  • retinal combines with opsin to form light-sensing rhodopsin
  • must be replenished form diet, as lost in cycle
  • when light hits, retinal changes it’s conformation from curved to straight, sending signal to the brain that there is light
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17
Q

First symptom of Vitamin A deficiency?

A
  • Night blindness
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18
Q

What happens to eyes without vitamin A?

A
  • Mucus secreting cells are replaced by keratin producing cells, resulting in a hard dry layer lacking protective properties of mucus membranes - leads to blindness
  • Without vitamin A, cells will not differentiate into mucous membrane
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19
Q

What do fat soluble vitamins need in the blood?

A
  • Carrier protein (thus also important to have adequate protein intake)
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20
Q

What can vitamin A penetrate?

A
  • lipid bilayer
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21
Q

What can vitamin A change?

A
  • The amount of mRNA produced by binding to receptor protein in nucleus, and binding to DNA
  • impacts gene expression and cell differentiation
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22
Q

What can cells differentiate into, inside bone marrow?

A
  • Red blood cells

- Different WBCs

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23
Q

Lack of Vitamin A impairs….?

A
  • Immune function
  • Growth and reproduction
  • Due to its role in deciding cell fate
24
Q

What is keratin not compatible with?

A
  • Eye tissue

- Results in blindness

25
Q

Hypercarotenemia vs too much preformed Vitamin A?

A
  • Much safer

- Too much Vitamin A can be toxic because it is all absorbed

26
Q

What can result due to hypercarotenemia?

A
  • Less absorbed and less converted to vitamin A

- Shows up as orange colour in skin

27
Q

What can hypercarotenemia cause in smokers?

A
  • Increase smokers’ risk for developing lung cancer
28
Q

Are all micronutrients transcription factors and are they all involved in gene expression?

A
  • No

- Some are coenzymes that allow other enzymes to function

29
Q

What does vitamin D allow?

A
  • Calcium absorption in the intestine
30
Q

Vitamin D function?

A
  • Maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in blood that favour bone mineralization
31
Q

Where in our body is Vitamin D made?

A
  • In our skin
32
Q

Where is vitamin D3 further processed into Vitamin D?

A
  • Liver and kidneys

- Adds a hydroxyl group in both organs

33
Q

What stimulates the conversion of D3 into active vitamin D? What does this result in?

A
  • Parathyroid gland releasing PTH
  • Low levels of active vitamin D causes expression of calcium transporter in intestines
  • Higher levels cause differentiation of osteoclasts along w PTH
  • Also causes the kidneys to retain calcium
34
Q

Vitamin A deficiency in children?

A
  • Rickets
  • Bones form poorly
  • Bowing in legs
35
Q

Vitamin A deficiency in adults?

A
  • Osteomalacia
  • Greater risk of bone fracture, muscle and bone pain
  • Can lead to osteoporosis
  • Those 50+ should take supplement because skin has reduced ability to make vitamin D
36
Q

Vitamin D sources in diet?

A
  • Salmon, eggs, dairy
37
Q

Vitamin D deficiency by latitude?

A
  • 40 degrees north and below 40 degrees south
38
Q

How many people in the world are vitamin D deficient?

A
  • 1 billion
39
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is linked to what chronic diseases?

A
  • Osteoporosis
  • MS
  • Heart Disease
  • Cancer
  • Infectious diseases
40
Q

Milk consumption and Vitamin D deficiency?

A
  • Low milk consumption = more vitamin D deficiency cases
41
Q

Vitamin E function?

A
  • Protects proteins and DNA

- Scavenges free radicals before damage to unsaturated fatty acids in lipid membrane

42
Q

Transfer proteins in liver and Vitamin E

A
  • Incorporate vitamin E into VLDL particles for delivery
43
Q

What does Vitamin C cause?

A
  • Regeneration of Vitamin E
44
Q

Vitamin E deficiency? Symptoms?

A
  • Rare
  • Poor muscle coordination and impaired vision
  • Weakness
45
Q

High dose vitamin E supplementation?

A
  • Increase mortality rate rather than decreasing CV risk

- Indication how it is better to get source from foods

46
Q

Vitamin E sources in the diet?

A
  • Nuts
  • Eggs
  • Salmon
  • Plant oils
  • Sunflower seeds
47
Q

Vitamin K function?

A
  • Helps with blood clot formation

- Factor in bone mineralization

48
Q

What do factors II, VII and X, proteins C and S require for post-translational modifications?

A
  • Carboxylase and Vitamin K (co-factor)
49
Q

What occurs if Vitamin K is deficient?

A
  • blood clotting factors will lack a carboxyl group, can’ t bind to calcium in order to form clotting complexes on platelet phospholipid membranes
50
Q

Warfarin and Vitamin K?

A
  • Similar structure to Vitamin K
  • Competes and prevent y-carboxylation of the blood clotting factors
  • Large levels of vitamin K can offset warfarin and inactivates it
51
Q

What is warfarin prescribed for?

A
  • Prevents thrombi formation and emboli formation
52
Q

Vitamin K deficiency?

A
  • uncommon because our gut bacteria makes Vitamin K
  • deficiency can occur due to fat malabsorption or antibiotics
  • most common in newborns as they are not colonized w microbiota, thus they are given a shot at birth
53
Q

Vitamin K sources in the diet?

A
  • Fruits, Vegetables, Kale, Spinach, Kiwi

- Monitor in patients with CV diseases/those prescribed with warfarin

54
Q

Vitamin D toxicity can cause?

A
  • Calcium deposition in the blood and kidneys leading to CV DAMAGE
  • Toxicity manifesting as weight loss, muscle and joint pain, liver damage and birth defects in women who are pregnant
55
Q

High doses of Vitamin K cause?

A
  • Interference w anticoagulant drugs

Nutrition (21 decks)

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