Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards
1
Q
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A
A
D
E
K
2
Q
How much Bile is need to digest Fat soluble vitamins
A
5-10g
3
Q
How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed
A
Passive diffusion
4
Q
Where are Fat soluble vitamins found in the cell
A
Lipid portions
5
Q
Where are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body
A
Liver and Adipose tissue
6
Q
What transports Fat soluble vitamins in the body
A
Lipoproteins
7
Q
What signals the release of Bile
A
CCK
8
Q
What signals the release of CCK for bile secretions
A
Fat-rich chyme
9
Q
What form of vitamin A is for reproduction and growth
A
Retinol
10
Q
What form of vitamin A is use for vision
A
Retinal
11
Q
What form of vitamin A is used for cell differentiation
A
Retinoic acid
12
Q
Is pre-formed Vitamin A active of innactive
A
Active
13
Q
What foods contain pre-formed Vitamin A
A
Animal products
14
Q
What form of Vitamin A is in Preformed Vitamin A/ Animal products
A
Retinol
15
Q
What is the common form of Preformed Vitamin A Prior to digestion
A
Retinol Ester
16
Q
What foods contain Proformed Vitamin A
A
Plants (carotenoids)
17
Q
How much more proformed vitamin A is need to equal the amount of Pre-formed Vitamin A
A
12x
18
Q
What is Retinol incorporated into prior to diffusion across the SI
A
Micelles
19
Q
What percent of Retinol esters are absorbed
A
80%
20
Q
What enzyme reesterifies Retinol into Retinol ester in the enterocyte
A
Lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT)
21
Q
Where in the enterocyte is LRAT located
A
Smooth ER
22
Q
What transports Retinol esters in the Lymph system
A
Chylomicrons –> liver
23
Q
When retinol intake is low, how is it absorbed
A
1) normally (Chylomicrons)
2) oxidised into retinoic acid the travel to liver via albumin
24
Q
What is required to make retinol binding protein
A
Zinc
25
T/F Patients with low protein status cannot mobilize retinol out of the liver
True
26
What does Retinal combine with to help with dim light vision; What does it form
Retinal + Opsin
Rhodopsin
27
How does Retinoic acid aid in dividing cells
Directing Keratin synthesis
28
What happens to mucus-secreting cells in the respiratory, GI, and UT when there are low levels of Vitamin A
They are replaced with Keratin producing cells
29
What happens when Retinoic acid interacts with DNA in nucleus
Stimulate production of enzymes and growth factors
30
What does Vitamin A deficiency do to Bones
Stimulate Ostroblasts
31
What does Excessive Vitamin A stimulate in bones
Osteoclasts
32
What happens to sperm when retinol levels are low
Decrease sperm mobility
33
what does retinol do to the embryo
Increase embryonic development and viability
34
How does Vitamin A help the immune system
Stimulate Phagocytosis, cytokine production, maintain NK cell concentration
35
Can Carotenoids act as antioxidants
Yes by quenching them
36
What Carotenoid products help with preventing UV-induced eye damage
Lutein
| Xeaxanthin
37
What is the relation between Carotenoids and Cancer
Certain Carotenoids inhibit growth factors and can increase cancer risk for certain cancers
38
What enzymes are required for Vitamin A digestion
Proteases
| Lipases
39
Will a deficiency in protein lead to a Vitamin A deficiency
Yes
40
Will a deficiency in zinc lead to a vitamin A deficiency
Yes
41
What is the RAE for vitamin A in men and women
```
900 = men
700 = women
```
42
What is Hypovitaminosis A
Vitamin A deficiency
43
What is the number 1 nutritional deficiency world wide
Vitamin A deficiency
44
What are the two major causes of Vitamin A deficiency
Inadequate intake
| Fatty acid malabsorption
45
What are the vision problems associated with Vitamin A deficiency
Night Blindness
Xerophthalmia (dry eye)
Bitot's spots
Hyperkeratosis
46
What skin problems are associated with Vitamin A deficiency
Follicular hyperkeratosis
47
What are symptoms of Acute Hypervitaminosis A
```
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
Double vision
Dizziness
```
48
What kind of malformations can Vitamin A cause to fetus
Craniofacial malformations
49
Is there a tolerable uptake limit to carotinoids
No
50
What is the tolerable uptake limit for Retinol (preformed)
3000 RAE/day
51
What is the animal form of vitamin D
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
52
What is the plant form of Vitamin D
Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)
53
Which form of Vitamin D is made from cholesterol
Cholecalciferol (D3)
54
How long do you need to be in the sun for and between what times to have effective vitamin D synthesis
5-10 min; between 10am-3pm
2-3x a weeks
55
What form of Vitamin D is in the liver
25-hydroxy vitamin D (Calcidiol)
56
What form of Vitamin D in in the Kidneys
1,25-hydroxy vitamin D (Calcitriol)
57
What form of Vitamin D is active, where is it found
Calcitriol (kidneys)
58
What form of Vitamin D is innactive, where is it found
Calcidiol (liver)
| Calciferol (food)
59
What enzyme converts Calciferol to Calcidiol to Calcitriol
Cytochrome P450
60
A mutation to the gene coding 24-hydroxylase will lead to what
Hypercalcemia
61
How does Vitamin D help with Cell differentiation and growth
Prevents cancers from replicating
Immune system
Prevent CVD, MS
62
What does a stem cell monocyte turn into in the presence of Vitamin D
Osteoclast
63
What gene is stimulated by Calcitriol
Calcium-binding protein
64
what is the recommended dose of Vitamin D per day in adults
800 IU
65
What are the poor sources of vitamin D talked about in class
Breast Milk
| Unfortified Dairy
66
What is used to determine if Vitamin D levels are low
Serum Calcidiol
67
What is the minimum concentration of Serum Calcidiol need to prevent rickets
30-80 ng/ml
68
What are clinical signs of hyperkeratosis
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Bitot's spot
69
What is the bond problem in adults and children that have a vitamin D deficiency
Rickets
| Ostromalacia
70
What major problem is associated with the elderly and Vitamin D deficiency
Osteoporosis
71
What determines the amount of sun needed to synthesis vitamin D
Melanin concentration
Sunscreen use
Age
Time of year/day
72
What can cause Vitamin D deficiency
```
Malabsorption
Obesity
Breastfeeding
Liver failure
Kidney disease
Phosphate depletion
```
73
What is the upper limit of vitamin D intake
4,000 IU/day
None from sunlight
74
When should vitamin D supplementation be cautioned
Hyperparathyroidism
Granulomatous disorders
Lymphomas
75
Do breast fed infants need Vitamin D supplementation
Yes
76
What should the daily dose of vitamin D be for a Pregnant woman, an obese patient, a patient with renal disease
1000-2000 IU/day
77
What is the only biologically active isomer present
Natural Vitamin E
78
What are the two forms of Vitamin E
Tocopherols
| Tocotrienols
79
What only form of supplemental vitamin E
Alpha-tocopherol
80
What percentage of vitamin E is absorbed through the SI
50%
81
What transports Vitamin E into the liver
Chylomicrons
82
Where is most of the Vitamin E in the body stored
In adipose tissue
83
What is the main function of Vitamin E
Antioxident
84
What are the best sources of vitamin E
Oils and Plants
85
How much vitamin E do adults need on a daily basis
15mg
86
Who is at a higher risk of developing Hypovitaminosis E
Fatty Malabsorption
| Premature infants
87
What is the safe upper limit of Vitamin E intake
1000 mg/day
88
What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis
Bleeding
Nausea
Diarrhea
Fatigue
89
What are symptoms of Hypovitaminosis E
```
Myopathy
Hemolytic anemia
Loss of tendon reflex
Loss of coordination
Peripheral neuropathy
```
90
What is the most commonly found form of vitamin K
Phylloquinone
91
Where can we find Phylloquinone
Plants
92
What makes Menaquinone (K2)
Bacteria
93
What percent of Vitamin K is absorbed in the SI
80%
94
What transports Vitamin K into the liver
Chylomicrons
95
Where is most of the Vitamin K in the body stored
The liver
96
What is the function of Vitamin K
Coenzyme
Blood Clotting
Bone formation
97
What does Vitamin K do to act as a Coenzyme
adds carboxylic acid group to glutamate to make carboxyglutamates
98
What is the importance of Carboxyglutamates
They are calcium binding sites on clotting factors, prothrombin, osteocalcin
99
What does Vitamin K do to help in blood clotting
Makes Carboxyglutamate which is found on clotting factors, prothrombin, osteocalcin.
100
What is the recommended intake of Vitamin K for men and women
Men 120 ug
| women 90 ug
101
Who is at risk of Hypovitamosis K
Newborns
Fatty malab patients
Patients treated with chronic antibodies
102
What are symptoms of hypovitaminosis
increased bleeding
Osteoporosis
death
103
Is there a toxic level for Vitamin K
No
