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Nutrition > Fat Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

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2
Q

How much Bile is need to digest Fat soluble vitamins

A

5-10g

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3
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed

A

Passive diffusion

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4
Q

Where are Fat soluble vitamins found in the cell

A

Lipid portions

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5
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body

A

Liver and Adipose tissue

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6
Q

What transports Fat soluble vitamins in the body

A

Lipoproteins

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7
Q

What signals the release of Bile

A

CCK

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8
Q

What signals the release of CCK for bile secretions

A

Fat-rich chyme

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9
Q

What form of vitamin A is for reproduction and growth

A

Retinol

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10
Q

What form of vitamin A is use for vision

A

Retinal

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11
Q

What form of vitamin A is used for cell differentiation

A

Retinoic acid

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12
Q

Is pre-formed Vitamin A active of innactive

A

Active

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13
Q

What foods contain pre-formed Vitamin A

A

Animal products

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14
Q

What form of Vitamin A is in Preformed Vitamin A/ Animal products

A

Retinol

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15
Q

What is the common form of Preformed Vitamin A Prior to digestion

A

Retinol Ester

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16
Q

What foods contain Proformed Vitamin A

A

Plants (carotenoids)

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17
Q

How much more proformed vitamin A is need to equal the amount of Pre-formed Vitamin A

A

12x

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18
Q

What is Retinol incorporated into prior to diffusion across the SI

A

Micelles

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19
Q

What percent of Retinol esters are absorbed

A

80%

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20
Q

What enzyme reesterifies Retinol into Retinol ester in the enterocyte

A

Lecithin retinol acyl transferase (LRAT)

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21
Q

Where in the enterocyte is LRAT located

A

Smooth ER

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22
Q

What transports Retinol esters in the Lymph system

A

Chylomicrons –> liver

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23
Q

When retinol intake is low, how is it absorbed

A

1) normally (Chylomicrons)

2) oxidised into retinoic acid the travel to liver via albumin

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24
Q

What is required to make retinol binding protein

A

Zinc

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25
Q

T/F Patients with low protein status cannot mobilize retinol out of the liver

A

True

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26
Q

What does Retinal combine with to help with dim light vision; What does it form

A

Retinal + Opsin

Rhodopsin

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27
Q

How does Retinoic acid aid in dividing cells

A

Directing Keratin synthesis

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28
Q

What happens to mucus-secreting cells in the respiratory, GI, and UT when there are low levels of Vitamin A

A

They are replaced with Keratin producing cells

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29
Q

What happens when Retinoic acid interacts with DNA in nucleus

A

Stimulate production of enzymes and growth factors

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30
Q

What does Vitamin A deficiency do to Bones

A

Stimulate Ostroblasts

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31
Q

What does Excessive Vitamin A stimulate in bones

A

Osteoclasts

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32
Q

What happens to sperm when retinol levels are low

A

Decrease sperm mobility

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33
Q

what does retinol do to the embryo

A

Increase embryonic development and viability

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34
Q

How does Vitamin A help the immune system

A

Stimulate Phagocytosis, cytokine production, maintain NK cell concentration

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35
Q

Can Carotenoids act as antioxidants

A

Yes by quenching them

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36
Q

What Carotenoid products help with preventing UV-induced eye damage

A

Lutein

Xeaxanthin

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37
Q

What is the relation between Carotenoids and Cancer

A

Certain Carotenoids inhibit growth factors and can increase cancer risk for certain cancers

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38
Q

What enzymes are required for Vitamin A digestion

A

Proteases

Lipases

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39
Q

Will a deficiency in protein lead to a Vitamin A deficiency

A

Yes

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40
Q

Will a deficiency in zinc lead to a vitamin A deficiency

A

Yes

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41
Q

What is the RAE for vitamin A in men and women

A 
900 = men
700 = women
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42
Q

What is Hypovitaminosis A

A

Vitamin A deficiency

43
Q

What is the number 1 nutritional deficiency world wide

A

Vitamin A deficiency

44
Q

What are the two major causes of Vitamin A deficiency

A

Inadequate intake

Fatty acid malabsorption

45
Q

What are the vision problems associated with Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night Blindness
Xerophthalmia (dry eye)
Bitot’s spots
Hyperkeratosis

46
Q

What skin problems are associated with Vitamin A deficiency

A

Follicular hyperkeratosis

47
Q

What are symptoms of Acute Hypervitaminosis A

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Headache
Double vision
Dizziness
48
Q

What kind of malformations can Vitamin A cause to fetus

A

Craniofacial malformations

49
Q

Is there a tolerable uptake limit to carotinoids

A

No

50
Q

What is the tolerable uptake limit for Retinol (preformed)

A

3000 RAE/day

51
Q

What is the animal form of vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)

52
Q

What is the plant form of Vitamin D

A

Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)

53
Q

Which form of Vitamin D is made from cholesterol

A

Cholecalciferol (D3)

54
Q

How long do you need to be in the sun for and between what times to have effective vitamin D synthesis

A

5-10 min; between 10am-3pm

2-3x a weeks

55
Q

What form of Vitamin D is in the liver

A

25-hydroxy vitamin D (Calcidiol)

56
Q

What form of Vitamin D in in the Kidneys

A

1,25-hydroxy vitamin D (Calcitriol)

57
Q

What form of Vitamin D is active, where is it found

A

Calcitriol (kidneys)

58
Q

What form of Vitamin D is innactive, where is it found

A

Calcidiol (liver)

Calciferol (food)

59
Q

What enzyme converts Calciferol to Calcidiol to Calcitriol

A

Cytochrome P450

60
Q

A mutation to the gene coding 24-hydroxylase will lead to what

A

Hypercalcemia

61
Q

How does Vitamin D help with Cell differentiation and growth

A

Prevents cancers from replicating
Immune system
Prevent CVD, MS

62
Q

What does a stem cell monocyte turn into in the presence of Vitamin D

A

Osteoclast

63
Q

What gene is stimulated by Calcitriol

A

Calcium-binding protein

64
Q

what is the recommended dose of Vitamin D per day in adults

A

800 IU

65
Q

What are the poor sources of vitamin D talked about in class

A

Breast Milk

Unfortified Dairy

66
Q

What is used to determine if Vitamin D levels are low

A

Serum Calcidiol

67
Q

What is the minimum concentration of Serum Calcidiol need to prevent rickets

A

30-80 ng/ml

68
Q

What are clinical signs of hyperkeratosis

A

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Bitot’s spot

69
Q

What is the bond problem in adults and children that have a vitamin D deficiency

A

Rickets

Ostromalacia

70
Q

What major problem is associated with the elderly and Vitamin D deficiency

A

Osteoporosis

71
Q

What determines the amount of sun needed to synthesis vitamin D

A

Melanin concentration
Sunscreen use
Age
Time of year/day

72
Q

What can cause Vitamin D deficiency

A 
Malabsorption
Obesity
Breastfeeding
Liver failure
Kidney disease
Phosphate depletion
73
Q

What is the upper limit of vitamin D intake

A

4,000 IU/day

None from sunlight

74
Q

When should vitamin D supplementation be cautioned

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Granulomatous disorders
Lymphomas

75
Q

Do breast fed infants need Vitamin D supplementation

A

Yes

76
Q

What should the daily dose of vitamin D be for a Pregnant woman, an obese patient, a patient with renal disease

A

1000-2000 IU/day

77
Q

What is the only biologically active isomer present

A

Natural Vitamin E

78
Q

What are the two forms of Vitamin E

A

Tocopherols

Tocotrienols

79
Q

What only form of supplemental vitamin E

A

Alpha-tocopherol

80
Q

What percentage of vitamin E is absorbed through the SI

A

50%

81
Q

What transports Vitamin E into the liver

A

Chylomicrons

82
Q

Where is most of the Vitamin E in the body stored

A

In adipose tissue

83
Q

What is the main function of Vitamin E

A

Antioxident

84
Q

What are the best sources of vitamin E

A

Oils and Plants

85
Q

How much vitamin E do adults need on a daily basis

A

15mg

86
Q

Who is at a higher risk of developing Hypovitaminosis E

A

Fatty Malabsorption

Premature infants

87
Q

What is the safe upper limit of Vitamin E intake

A

1000 mg/day

88
Q

What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis

A

Bleeding
Nausea
Diarrhea
Fatigue

89
Q

What are symptoms of Hypovitaminosis E

A 
Myopathy
Hemolytic anemia
Loss of tendon reflex
Loss of coordination
Peripheral neuropathy
90
Q

What is the most commonly found form of vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone

91
Q

Where can we find Phylloquinone

A

Plants

92
Q

What makes Menaquinone (K2)

A

Bacteria

93
Q

What percent of Vitamin K is absorbed in the SI

A

80%

94
Q

What transports Vitamin K into the liver

A

Chylomicrons

95
Q

Where is most of the Vitamin K in the body stored

A

The liver

96
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K

A

Coenzyme
Blood Clotting
Bone formation

97
Q

What does Vitamin K do to act as a Coenzyme

A

adds carboxylic acid group to glutamate to make carboxyglutamates

98
Q

What is the importance of Carboxyglutamates

A

They are calcium binding sites on clotting factors, prothrombin, osteocalcin

99
Q

What does Vitamin K do to help in blood clotting

A

Makes Carboxyglutamate which is found on clotting factors, prothrombin, osteocalcin.

100
Q

What is the recommended intake of Vitamin K for men and women

A

Men 120 ug

women 90 ug

101
Q

Who is at risk of Hypovitamosis K

A

Newborns
Fatty malab patients
Patients treated with chronic antibodies

102
Q

What are symptoms of hypovitaminosis

A

increased bleeding
Osteoporosis
death

103
Q

Is there a toxic level for Vitamin K

A

No

Nutrition (2 decks)

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