Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Question 1

What are examples of good sources of vitamin D?

Answer 1

Fish and dairy products

Question 2

Where do the fat soluble vitamins accumulate in the body?

Answer 2

Liver and adipose tissue

Question 3

Vitamin D3 is added to what products?

Answer 3

Supplements and dairy products

Question 4

Vitamin D3 is made in the skin from what structures?

Answer 4

7-dehydrocholesterol and UVB rays

Question 5

How is vitamin D3 transported in the blood when made in the skin?

Answer 5

By vitamin D binding proteins

Question 6

When vitamin D is absorbed in micelles, how is it then transported?

Answer 6

Chylomicrons

Question 7

What enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in the liver and kidneys?

Answer 7

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

Question 8

Vitamin D3 is hydroxylated into calcidiol in what organ?

Answer 8

Liver

Question 9

Vitamin D3 is hydroxylated into calcitriol in what organ?

Answer 9

Kidneys

Question 10

What is the function of calcitriol?

Answer 10

Stimulates calcium-binding proteins

Question 11

What is the condition of hypovitaminosis D in children?

Answer 11

Rickets

Question 12

What is the condition of hypovitaminosis in adults?

Answer 12

Osteomalacia

Question 13

What are the causes of hypovitaminosis D?

Answer 13

1 Decreased skin synthesis
2 Malabsorption
3 Obesity
4 Kidney/Liver disease
5 Breast feeding

Question 14

What is the recommended dosage of vitamin D for those with malabsorption or obesity issues?

Answer 14

1000-2000 IU/day

Question 15

What three factors can decrease vitamin D synthesis in the skin?

Answer 15

1 Sunscreen
2 Aging
3 Melanin

Question 16

What are 4 conditions associated with hypervitaminosis D?

Answer 16

1 Calcification of tissues
2 Lymphomas
3 Sarcoidosis
4 Tuberculosis

Question 17

Fat soluble vitamins require how much fat for bile secretion by CCK to enable proper absorption?

Answer 17

5-10 grams

Question 18

What are the three forms of preformed vitamin A?

Answer 18

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid

Question 19

What is the function of retinol?

Answer 19

Reproduction

Question 20

What is retinal important for?

Answer 20

Vision

Question 21

What is retinoic acid important for?

Answer 21

Cell differentiation and the immune system

Question 22

What is the specific cell differentiation process that retinoic acid is important for?

Answer 22

Keratin to mucus

Question 23

What are the sources for preformed vitamin A?

Answer 23

Fish and dairy products

Question 24

What is the proformed vitamin A?

Answer 24

Carotenoids

Question 25

What is the function of proformed carotenoids (vitamin A)?

Answer 25

Antioxidant

Question 26

What are the sources of proformed vitamin A?

Answer 26

Carrots and tomatoes

Question 27

Preformed vitamin A is found as what structure?

Answer 27

Retinol esters (RE)

Question 28

What enzymes are responsible for the digestion of retinol esters?

Answer 28

Proteases and lipases

Question 29

Digested retinol esters are absorbed by what structures?

Answer 29

Micelles

Question 30

What are the symptoms of hypovitaminosis A?

Answer 30

``` 1 Night blindness 2 Zerophthalmia 3 Bitot's spots 4 Decreased immunity 5 Decreased fertility ```

Question 31

What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?

Answer 31

``` 1 Headache 2 Birth defects 3 Double vision 4 Bone fracture 5 Bone/Joint pain ```

Question 32

What two things are required in order for vitamin A to be sent to peripheral tissues when needed?

Answer 32

Zinc and protein

Question 33

What are the forms of vitamin E?

Answer 33

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

Question 34

What is responsible for the digestion of tocopherols and tocotrienols?

Answer 34

Lipases

Question 35

What is responsible for transporting tocopherols and tocotrienols?

Answer 35

Chylomicrons (lymphatics)

Question 36

What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis E?

Answer 36

Bleeding and fatigue

Question 37

What are the symptoms of hypovitaminosis E?

Answer 37

Myopathy and peripheral neuropathy

Question 38

What is the function of vitamin E?

Answer 38

Antioxidant

Question 39

Where is vitamin E located and able to act as an antioxidant?

Answer 39

Plasma membrane

Question 40

What are the sources for vitamin E in the form of alpha-tocopherol?

Answer 40

Almonds and olive oil

Question 41

What are the sources of vitamin E in the form of gamma-tocopherol?

Answer 41

Peanuts, corn oil, and soybean oil

Question 42

What is the source of vitamin E in the form of tocotrienols?

Answer 42

Oats

Question 43

What groups of people can be deficient in vitamin K?

Answer 43

Those with malabsorption issues, newborns, and those on chronic antibiotics

Question 44

Which fat soluble vitamin has no toxicity associated with it?

Answer 44

Vitamin K

Question 45

What is the function of vitamin K?

Answer 45

Form carboxyglutamates

Question 46

What are carboxyglutamates (formed by vitamin K) required for?

Answer 46

Calcium binding in clotting and bone synthesis

Question 47

What are the two forms of vitamin K?

Answer 47

Phylloquinone and menaquinone

Question 48

What are the sources for phylloquinone (vitamin K)?

Answer 48

Green leafy vegetables and peanuts

Question 49

What are the sources of menaquinone (vitamin K)?

Answer 49

Meat and large intestinal bacteria

Question 50

What is the RDA for vitamin D?

Answer 50

600 IU/day

Question 51

What hormone is responsible for inducing hydroxylase in the kidneys to activate calcitriol?

Answer 51

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 52

Why are the calcium-binding proteins important when stimulated by calcitriol?

Answer 52

Increase calcium absorption and decrease calcium excretion