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Nutrition Exam One > Fat-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Fat-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of good sources of vitamin D?

A

Fish and dairy products

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2
Q

Where do the fat soluble vitamins accumulate in the body?

A

Liver and adipose tissue

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3
Q

Vitamin D3 is added to what products?

A

Supplements and dairy products

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4
Q

Vitamin D3 is made in the skin from what structures?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol and UVB rays

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5
Q

How is vitamin D3 transported in the blood when made in the skin?

A

By vitamin D binding proteins

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6
Q

When vitamin D is absorbed in micelles, how is it then transported?

A

Chylomicrons

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7
Q

What enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of vitamin D3 in the liver and kidneys?

A

Cytochrome P450 enzymes

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8
Q

Vitamin D3 is hydroxylated into calcidiol in what organ?

A

Liver

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9
Q

Vitamin D3 is hydroxylated into calcitriol in what organ?

A

Kidneys

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10
Q

What is the function of calcitriol?

A

Stimulates calcium-binding proteins

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11
Q

What is the condition of hypovitaminosis D in children?

A

Rickets

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12
Q

What is the condition of hypovitaminosis in adults?

A

Osteomalacia

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13
Q

What are the causes of hypovitaminosis D?

A 
1 Decreased skin synthesis
2 Malabsorption
3 Obesity
4 Kidney/Liver disease
5 Breast feeding
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14
Q

What is the recommended dosage of vitamin D for those with malabsorption or obesity issues?

A

1000-2000 IU/day

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15
Q

What three factors can decrease vitamin D synthesis in the skin?

A

1 Sunscreen
2 Aging
3 Melanin

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16
Q

What are 4 conditions associated with hypervitaminosis D?

A

1 Calcification of tissues
2 Lymphomas
3 Sarcoidosis
4 Tuberculosis

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17
Q

Fat soluble vitamins require how much fat for bile secretion by CCK to enable proper absorption?

A

5-10 grams

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18
Q

What are the three forms of preformed vitamin A?

A

Retinal, retinol, and retinoic acid

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19
Q

What is the function of retinol?

A

Reproduction

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20
Q

What is retinal important for?

A

Vision

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21
Q

What is retinoic acid important for?

A

Cell differentiation and the immune system

22
Q

What is the specific cell differentiation process that retinoic acid is important for?

A

Keratin to mucus

23
Q

What are the sources for preformed vitamin A?

A

Fish and dairy products

24
Q

What is the proformed vitamin A?

A

Carotenoids

25
Q

What is the function of proformed carotenoids (vitamin A)?

A

Antioxidant

26
Q

What are the sources of proformed vitamin A?

A

Carrots and tomatoes

27
Q

Preformed vitamin A is found as what structure?

A

Retinol esters (RE)

28
Q

What enzymes are responsible for the digestion of retinol esters?

A

Proteases and lipases

29
Q

Digested retinol esters are absorbed by what structures?

A

Micelles

30
Q

What are the symptoms of hypovitaminosis A?

A 
1 Night blindness
2 Zerophthalmia
3 Bitot's spots
4 Decreased immunity 
5 Decreased fertility
31
Q

What are the symptoms of hypervitaminosis A?

A 
1 Headache
2 Birth defects
3 Double vision 
4 Bone fracture 
5 Bone/Joint pain
32
Q

What two things are required in order for vitamin A to be sent to peripheral tissues when needed?

A

Zinc and protein

33
Q

What are the forms of vitamin E?

A

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

34
Q

What is responsible for the digestion of tocopherols and tocotrienols?

A

Lipases

35
Q

What is responsible for transporting tocopherols and tocotrienols?

A

Chylomicrons (lymphatics)

36
Q

What are symptoms of hypervitaminosis E?

A

Bleeding and fatigue

37
Q

What are the symptoms of hypovitaminosis E?

A

Myopathy and peripheral neuropathy

38
Q

What is the function of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant

39
Q

Where is vitamin E located and able to act as an antioxidant?

A

Plasma membrane

40
Q

What are the sources for vitamin E in the form of alpha-tocopherol?

A

Almonds and olive oil

41
Q

What are the sources of vitamin E in the form of gamma-tocopherol?

A

Peanuts, corn oil, and soybean oil

42
Q

What is the source of vitamin E in the form of tocotrienols?

A

Oats

43
Q

What groups of people can be deficient in vitamin K?

A

Those with malabsorption issues, newborns, and those on chronic antibiotics

44
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin has no toxicity associated with it?

A

Vitamin K

45
Q

What is the function of vitamin K?

A

Form carboxyglutamates

46
Q

What are carboxyglutamates (formed by vitamin K) required for?

A

Calcium binding in clotting and bone synthesis

47
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinone and menaquinone

48
Q

What are the sources for phylloquinone (vitamin K)?

A

Green leafy vegetables and peanuts

49
Q

What are the sources of menaquinone (vitamin K)?

A

Meat and large intestinal bacteria

50
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin D?

A

600 IU/day

51
Q

What hormone is responsible for inducing hydroxylase in the kidneys to activate calcitriol?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

52
Q

Why are the calcium-binding proteins important when stimulated by calcitriol?

A

Increase calcium absorption and decrease calcium excretion

Nutrition Exam One (2 decks)

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