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Chiro Essentials Chemistry > Fat, Protein, Nucleic Acids, Vit, Min > Flashcards

Fat, Protein, Nucleic Acids, Vit, Min Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipase products are?

A

Monoacylglycerol

2 fatty acids

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2
Q

What is a fatty acid composed of?

A

Carbon chain w/COOH (carboxyl) group at end

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3
Q

Where are fatty acids absorbed and where do they go?

A

Enterocytes to liver via portal vein or re-esterified w/protein to form lipoproteins which are absorbed in central lacteals in villi to thoracic duct

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4
Q 
Briefly describe:
HDL
IDL
LDL
VLDL
Chylomicron
A

HDL: happy cholesterol; cis form; double bond
IDL: bad; similar to LDL
LDL: lethal cholesterol, trans form
VLDL: transport TG from liver to tissue
Chylomicron: large particles; transport dietary lipids from intestine to other locations in body

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5
Q

How are fats stored?

A

Triacylglycerols in adipose and liver

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6
Q

Compare/contrast saturated from unsaturated fatty acids:

A

Sat: no double bond btw C atoms, saturated w/H
Unsat: one+ double bonds btw C

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7
Q

Compare/contrast essential and non essential fatty acids:

A

Essential: not made by body, must be consumed, linoleic (omega-6) w/18C, linolenic (omega-3) 18C
Non: manufactured in body, arachidonic acid, is essential when linoleic is absent from diet

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8
Q

Where does lipolysis occur?

A

Mitochondria of adipocytes

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9
Q

What happens in the activation stage of lipolysis?

A

Fatty acid attached to CoA to form Acyl-CoA on outer surface mitochondria catalyzed by fatty acyl-coA sythetase and ATP

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10
Q

What happens in the transport phase of lipolysis?

A

Transport Acyl-CoA across mitochondrial membrane to matrix via special carnitine carrier syste
Acyl CoA conjugated to acyl carnitine by CAT 1 (palmitoyl carnitine) located on outer mito membrane, shuttled by translocase, converted to Acyl CoA by carnitine acyltransferase 2 on inner mitochondrial membrane and carnitine returned to cytosol

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11
Q

What happens in the beta oxidation phase of lipolysis?

A

hepatocyte mitochondria acyl fatty acid shortened 2C at a time, REDUCTION w/FAD, HYDRATION by hydratase, REDUCTION w/NAD, CLEAVAGE (thiolysis) by ketothiolase to yield ketones (acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate)

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12
Q

What happens to acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate from lipolysis?

A

Converted to Acetyl CoA enters Kreb cycle

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13
Q

What happens to the NADH and FADH2 made by lipolysis?

A

Sent to ETC

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14
Q

How is lipolysis regulated?

A

Hormone-sensitive lipase
Malonyl-CoA preventa Acyl-CoA derivatives from entering mitochondria by inhibiting carnitine acyltransferase inhibiting beta-ox
High citrate levels inhibit beta ox

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15
Q

Where does ketone body synthesis occur? In what conditions?

A

Mitochondria of hepatocytes

Fatty acids in high blood concentration (fasting, starvation, uncontrolled DM)

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16
Q

Ketone body synthesis steps?

A

Two acetyl CoA condene to form aetoacetyl CoA catalyzed by thiolase
Acetoacetyl Coa + acetyl CoA form HMG CCoA split to form acetyl CoA and acetoacetate then acetoacetate converts to acetone and B-hydroxybutyrate
Acetone excreted in breath (fruity)
Acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate pass in blood and converted to acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA to kreb’s cycle

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17
Q

Lipogenesis steps?

A

Excess glucose converted to acetyl CoA and then Malonyl CoA to make fatty acids
Combine w/glycerol to make TG stored in adipoe cells in body

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18
Q

Regulation of lipogenesis?

A

Stim by insulin, ATP

inhibited by glucagon, epinephrine

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19
Q

Where does lipolysis take place? Uses what start up substrates

A

Cytoplasm of cells in liver, adipose, kidney

Malonyl CoA, Acetyl CoA (1o), Citrate

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20
Q

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase does? Steps?

A

Acetyl-CoA to Malonyl CoA (RLS)

Condensation, reduction of NADPH (HMP shunt), dehydration, further reduction

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21
Q

Cholesterol makes steroid hormones! But how do we get cholesterol?

A

2 acetyl CoA condense to form acetoacetyl CoA
1 more Acetyl coA to make HMG CoA reduced to mevalonic acid by HMG CoA reductase
Converted to squalene, to lanosterol to cholesterol

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22
Q

Where is pregnenolone formed? Controlled by what enzyme?

A

Adrenal cortex

Desmolase (rate limiting step)

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23
Q

How does progesterone get converted to Estradiol

A

To Cortisol - aldosterone - DHEA

DHEA to androstenedione to testosterone to estradiol by aromatase enzyme

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24
Q

Essential amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, arginine, leucine, lysine

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25
Q

Phenylalanine is the precursor for epinephrine how does it get there?

A

Tyrosine, L-Dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine to epinephrine

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26
Q

What is the intermediary step between tryptophan and melatonin?

A

Serotonin

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27
Q

Non-essential amino acids?

A

Proline, tyrosine, glycine, alanine, glutamin, glutamate, asparagine, serine, cysteine

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28
Q

Which amino acid is heme made from?

A

Glycine (–> porphyrin)

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29
Q

GABA and glutathione are made from what amino acid?

A

Glutamate

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30
Q

Which amino acids are made from intermediates of glycolysis?

A

Serine - glycine and cysteine
3PG - serine
Pyruvate - alanine

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31
Q

Amino acids derived from Krebs cycle or intermediates?

A

Glutamate: glutamine, arginine, proline
aKG: glutamate
Aspartate: asparagine (from transamination of oxaloacetate)

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32
Q

1o structure of a protein:

A

linear sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain

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33
Q

2o structure of a protein?

A

Twist with chemical forces w/in 1o linear structure
a-helix (one peptide chain 80% of hemoglobin)
b-pleated sheets: pleats containing 2+ peptides (amyloid)

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34
Q

3o structure of a protein:

A

3D shape of a single protein molecule, twisted/pleated form folded on itself, controls basic function of protein

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35
Q

4o structure of a protein:

A

spatial arrangement of subunits in protein containing 2+ polypeptide chains; each is a subunit

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36
Q

Glucogenic amino acids?

A

Histidine, methionine, threonine, valine

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37
Q

Ketogenic amino acids?

A

Lysine, leucine

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38
Q

Ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids?

A

Phenylalanine, ioleucine, tryptophan

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39
Q 
Nitrogen removal briefly describe:
Transamination
Deamination
Ammonia formation
Urea formation
A

Trans: transfer NH2 from one molecule to another, enzyme is transaminase or aminotransferase
Deamination: in liver where AA broken down and converted to ammonia (glutamate to aKG, aspartate to oxaloacetate, alanine and serine to pyruvate)
Ammonia: H added to NH2
Urea formation: change toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea (NH2)2C=O

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40
Q

Steps in the urea cycle:

A

1: Ammonia combo w/CO2 and ATP = carbamoyl phosphate
2: carbamoyl phosphate + ornithin = citruline
3: citruline to rRNA combo w/aspartate to form argininosuccinate
4: agrininosuccinate broken into fumarate and arginine
5: arginine cleaved to form ornithine and urea
Ornithine back to mitochondrea

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41
Q

Rate limiting step in urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase (NH3 to carbomoyl phosphate)

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42
Q

Nucleotides of 3 subunits what are they?

A

Pentose, nitrogen base, phosphate group

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43
Q

Nucleosides only have 2 subunits what are they?

A

Pentose and nitrogenous base

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44
Q

Pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, uracil, thymine

CUT

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45
Q

Purines?

A

Adenine, guanine

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46
Q

How many H bonds are betwwen C-G, A-T, A-U?

A

3, 2, 2

47
Q

How do you make DNA?

A

2 polynucleotides + H bonds, deoxyribose attach base pairs, A-T, G-C, strands twist and form double helix, DNA synth by replication bidirectional (site of origin and moues out in both direction) or semiconservative (daughter molecule intact parental strand and one new strand joined by base pairs, parend unwinds ahead of replication site so DNA polymerase can synth and RNA is primer for DNA polymerase and ATP, TTP, CTP, GTP are precursors)

48
Q

How do you make RNA?

A

Single strand, mRNA from DNA template (transcription)
tRNA brings AA to rRNA in ribosome located on RER in correct sequence to make
Transcription before translation into protein

49
Q

Protein synthesis… how?

A

mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm carry code to ribosome

tRNA brings AA to rRNA in ribosome on RER in correct sequence

50
Q

How do DNA/RNA breakdown?

A

Cell death - break to xanthine, converted by xanthine oxidase to uric acid

51
Q

Excessive uric acid production can lead to?

A

GOUT

52
Q

What are your fat soluble vitamins? Water soluble?

Antioxidants?

A

ADEK
BC
ACE

53
Q

Where do you find Vit A?

A

liver, dark green leafy veg, yellow-orange fruit/veg, meat, fish, poultry

54
Q

Vitamin A can be found in an inactive form which is? Helps with? What is the active form?

A

Retinal - make rhodopsin, help differentiate epithelial tissue
Retinoic acid

55
Q

What does a Vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

Nyctalopia (night blind), xerophthalmia (dry eye), Bitot’s spots (kertain debris in small opaque plaques in conjunctiva) and phrenoderma (dry bumpy skin from follicular plugging)

56
Q

What foods have Vit D?

A

Fatty fish (salmon, tuna, sardine), and eggs

57
Q

Other than food how else can you get Vit D?

A

UV exposure cholecalciferol hydroxlated in liver to make 1-hydroxycholecalciferol then converted in kidney by parthyroid hormon to 1, 25 dihydroxycholecalciferol

58
Q

Vit D deficiency can lead to?

A

Rickets (kids): soft bones that bend bow legs, rachitic rosary (swollen cotoschondral joints)
Osteomalacia: in adults and elderly,soft demineralization, Looser zone (pseudofx)

59
Q

What does Vit K do?

A

carboxylation of glutamic acid residues to make clotting factors II, VII, IX, X

60
Q

What foods is Vit K found in? Where else?

A

Green leafy veg, liver

Bacterial flora of LI

61
Q

Vit K deficiency can lead to?

A

Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn - prolonged bleeding from umbilicus may lead to kernicterus (brain damage from bilirubin, RBC destruction)

62
Q

Vit E does what?

A

Antioxidant that protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radicals

63
Q

Vit E is in what food?

A

Vegetable oils, almonds, hazelnuts, wheat germ

64
Q

Vit E deficiency can lead to?

A

hemolytic anemia (premature destruction of fragile RBC - fatigue, malaise, muscle weakness, SoB, pale mucous membrane)

65
Q

What is vitamin B1 and what does it do?

A

Thiamine

Cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase and aKG dehydrogenase

66
Q

Where is B1 found?

A

Brewer’s yeast, milk, liver, beans, nuts

67
Q

What can thiamine deficiency lead to?

A

Dry beriberi: dermatitis, peripheral neuritis, numbness in extremities
Wet beriberi: tachycardia, warm skin, edema, high-output heart failure
Wernicke-Korakoff: confabulation, apathy, loss of memory, mucle weakness

68
Q

Vit B2 is also called? What does it do?

A

Riboflavin

Cofactor for FMN, FAD in ETC and redox rxns

69
Q

Where can you find B2?

A

Milk, dairy products, collard greens, liver, meat, fish, poultry

70
Q

Deficiency of riboflavin

A

Ariboflavinosis: dermatitis, angular stomatitis (Cheilosis), magenta tongue

71
Q

Vit B3 is called? What does it do?

A

Niacin

Precursor for NAD(P) in ETC, esential for glycolysis and paired wMg2+

72
Q

What foods have niacin? where else can you get it?

A

Eggs, milk, meat, legumes

From dietary tryptophan

73
Q

B3 deficiency presents with what?

A

Pellagra - dermatitis (Casal’s necklace), diarrhea, dementia, death

74
Q

Vit B5 is also called? What does it do?

A

Pantothenic acid

acyl carrier, key for coenzyme A

75
Q

Where is B5 found?

A

yogure, lentils, eggs, avocados

76
Q

Deficiency of Vit B5 can lead to what S/S?

A

fatigue, irritability, burning feet syndrome

77
Q

Vit B6 is also known as? What functions does it have?

A

Pyridoxine

Cofactor for transamination, decarboxylation, glycogen phosphorylase

78
Q

Where is Vit B6 found?

A

Meats, cereal grains, nuts, bananas

79
Q

Vit B6 deficiency can cause?

A

Glossitis (burning tongue), neuropathy (burning pain in extremities)

80
Q

Vit B7 is also known as? What does it do?

A

Biotin

Carboxylation rxn, produces fatty acid and metabolizes fatty acids and AA

81
Q

What foods is B7 found in?

A

Royal jelly, brewer’s yeast, legumes, beans, liver,meat, poultry, egg yolk

82
Q

What can cause a deficiency in B7 and what are the S/S?

A

Avadin in raw eggs

Dermatitis, fatigue, depression, alopecia, lactic acidosis

83
Q

Vit B9 is also known as? What does it do?

A

Folic acid

Transfer 1C units in DNA/RNA synth to make methionine and purines

84
Q

Where do you find Vit B9?

A

Liver, green leafy vegetables, legumes, cauliflower, sweet potato, citrus fruits

85
Q

Vit B9 deficiency is seen in what populations and what can it lead to?

A 
Pregnant women and alcoholics
Megaloblastic anemial (low Hgb, fatigue), neural tube defects (spina-bifida)
86
Q

Vit B12 is also called? What is the function?

A

Cobalamin

Cofactor for methionine and succinyl CoA manufacture

87
Q

What foods is Vit B12 found in?

A

Meat, dairy, eggs

88
Q

Vit B12 deficiency can be caused by? Lead to?

A 
lack of IF (atrophic gastritis), dietary, decreased absorption in terminal ileum (Crohns, Diphyloobothrium latum)
Megaloblastic anemia (Beef red tongue), pernicious anemia, sub-acute combo degen of spinal cord
89
Q

What does Vit C do?

A

Cofactor in hydroxylation of proline and lysine in synthesis of collagen
Facilitates iron absorption from guy b keeping it reduced (more absorbable)

90
Q

Vit C is found in?

A

Citrus, strawberries, cherries, peppers, cauliflower, broccoli

91
Q

Deficiency of Vit C can lead to?

A

Scurvy: sore bleeding, swollen gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing

92
Q

Where do you get iron from?

A

Dark green leafy veg, red meas (most absorbable), beans, wheat germ, egg yolk

93
Q

What does iron do?

A

Essential component in formaion of Hgb Mgb, used in ETC

94
Q

What does an iron deficiency lead to?

A

Defective hemoglobin production - hypochromic, microcytic anemia

95
Q

What foods do you get copper from?

A

Prunes, yeast, black pepper, cocoa

96
Q

What does copper do?

A

Component of oxidases in ETC, helps make neurotransmitters and collagen

97
Q

What does a copper deficiency lead to?

A

Muscle weakness, abnormal collagen X-link, microcytic anemia

98
Q

What foods does zinc come from?

A

Meat, egg, seafood, whole grains

99
Q

What does zinc do?

A

Component of oxidase enzymes, cofactor of carbonic anhydrase, roll in cell-mediated immunity

100
Q

What does a deficiency in zinc lead to?

A

Growth retardation, impaired wound healing, hypogonadism, alopecia

101
Q

Selenium comes from?

A

Brazil nuts, tuna, meats, eggs, cereal

102
Q

Selenium does what?

A

Component of glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant protects cells from free radicals

103
Q

Selenium deficiency can cause?

A

Keshan’s disease/cardiomyopathy

104
Q

Iodine functions?

A

Synthesis of thyroid hormones

105
Q

Iodine deficiency can cause?

A

Cretinism and myxedema

106
Q

Calcium comes from what foods?

A

Dairy, collard greens, fish with bones (salmon, sardine)

107
Q

Calcium is important for

A

Formation of bones/teeth, normal N and ms function, blood clotting

108
Q

Deficiency in calcium can lead to?

A

paresthesia, muscle cramps, tetany, bone fracture, osteoporosis

109
Q

Magnesium comes from which food?

A

Dairy, grains, nuts

110
Q

What does magnesium do?

A

Bind to active sites of enzymes, form complex w/ATP

111
Q

Magnesium deficiency can lead to what S/S?

A

Parsthesia, muscle cramp, tetany, seizure

112
Q

Chromium (polynicotinate) comes from what food?

A

Oysters, whole grain cereal, liver, potato

113
Q

Chromium is important for ?

A

Glucose transport to cells, helps insulin bind to cells

114
Q

Deficiency in chromium can lead to what S/S?

A

impaired binding of insulin to cells resulting in impaired glucose tolerance

Chiro Essentials Chemistry (2 decks)

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