fat metabolism and exercise

Question 1

what is fat

Answer 1

saturated fatty acids- each carbon has 2 hydorgens bound
unsaturated FA- C=C bond, not all carbons are saturated with h bonds
cis- hydrogens on same side of double bond
trans- hydrogens on opposite side of double bond

Question 2

where is fat

Answer 2

lots more fat compared to carbohydrates
adipose tissue~12kg
intramuscular triglycerides (IMTG)~0.3kg
plasma TAG~ 0.004kg
plasma FFA~ 0.0004kg

Question 3

lipid droplets

Answer 3

how we store fat
can be found between myofibrils (intermyofibrillar)
or found between the sarcloemma- subsarcolemmal
found in close association to mitochondria - this is where we oxidise fats

Question 4

acessing fat stores

Answer 4

to access lipid stores in adipose or muscle tissue there are 3 stages of processing
1. lipid mobilisation
2. fatty acid activation
3. fatty acid oxidation

Question 5

LM- g protein coupled receptors

Answer 5

GPCR are 7 pass transmembrane receptors (passes through membrane 7 times)
they have extracellular and intracellular domains
binding of a single molecule causes a conformation change in GPCR
results in binding of a g protein (GTP binding protein- has a,b,y)
G protein is formed of 3 subunits and is GDP bound
GPCR acts as GEF (guanasine exchange factor)
GTP bound alpha subunit (GAS) dissociates from beta y- becomes the active form

Question 6

second messenger (cAMP)

Answer 6

adenylate cyclase is the downstream target of the activated G protein (GAS)
binding of GAS causes adenlyate cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP and ppi
cAMP is a 2nd messenger - transfers and amplifies an extrceullar signal to the inside of the cell
cAMP will have a further effect on cellular function

Question 7

protein kinase A

Answer 7

enzymes that add another phosphate group to a protein-changing their own function
cAMP binds to inactive form of PKA
activates PKA
PKA phosphorylates hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) , adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), perilipin proteins (PLIN)
phosphorylation of these priteins stimulate lipolysis from lipid droplets

Question 8

regulation of lipolysis

Answer 8

lipolysis- breakdwon of triaclylgycerides
PLIN proteins restrict access to lipid droplet - in this case bind to CGI-58 - acts as a coactivator of ATGL
causes it to releases CGI58 and bind to ATGL, causing lipolysis
HSL is present in cytosol under basal conditions
upon phosphory;ation by PKA it moves to the lipid droplet and binds to PLIN proteins
can now stimulate lipolysis

Question 9

stages of lipolysis

Answer 9

TAG> DAG + FA (adipose triglyceride)
DAG> MAG + FA(hormone sensitive lipase)
MAG> FA + glycerol - monoacyl glycerol lipase

Question 10

fatty acid metabolism

Answer 10

fatty acids liberated from the adipse tissue are released into the blood
fatty acids are not soluble in aqueous soltuins such as blood so they need to be bound to something
albumin transports fatty acids in the blood
glycerol is released to the blood and absorbed by the liver
it is converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and either:
- enters glycolysis (G3-P is a glycolytic intermediate)
- undergoes gluconeogenisis (formation of glucose)

Question 11

fatty acid entry into muscle cell

Answer 11

FA are released from albumin and transported into the cell through the membrane protein cd36/fat (fatty acid translocase)
CD36 delivers the FA to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and then it flip flops across (from outer to inner membrane)
it gets bound by FABPpm (fatty acid binding protein) and takes it into the cytosol
cytosol is aqueous so FA needs a carrier- the FABP

Question 12

fatty acid activation

Answer 12

in the cell, FA needs to gain entry to mitochondria
first step is activation
- FA reacts with coenzyme A to form fatty acyl co A
- atp is used to hydrolyse it (produces amp +ppi)
- occurs in outer mitochdondrial membrane

Question 13

entry to mitochondria

Answer 13

site of fatty acid oxidation - matrix of mitochondria
is impermeable to almost everything
need carnitine and enzyme to enter
CPT1 on OMM transfers carnitine to acy coA to form acyl carnitine
acylcarnitine moves through a porin on OMM and in intermembrane space
on inner mitochorndrial membrane- acyl carnitine transporter transports acylcarnitine into matrix and carnitine leaves
CPT2 reverses CPT1 reaction, regenerating acyl coA and leaving carnitine to exit matrix

Question 14

fatty acid oxidation

Answer 14

B oxidation
inside the mitochondrial matrix- acyl coA has access to the enzymes of B oxidation
B oxidation is a pathway which oxidises fatty acids (acyl coA)
consists of 4 reactions- 2x oxidation (redox), 1x hydration + 1 x thiolysis
products = FADH2, NADH + acetyl coA
for each round of b oxidation- acylcoA carbon chain is reduced by 2 carbons
the remaining acylcoA reenters the cycle until you are left with just 2 carbons forming acetyl coA

Question 15

generation of atp from fats

Answer 15

acetyl enters tca cycle
NADH and FADH2 enter etc at complexes 1 and 2 respectively

fats are energy dense
energy is stored in organic molecules as covalent bond energy
FA have more than 22 carbons in their backbone
glucose oxidation- 32ATP
palmitic acid= 106ATP

Question 16

b oxidation caveats

Answer 16

works well for saturated FA with even numbers of C
FA with odd numbers of carbons are oxidised until only 1 acetyl coA and a molecule of propionyl coA remain, propionyl coA is converted to succinyl coA which enters TCA cycle
B oxidation of FA with double bonds results in build up of intermediates that cant be further degraded, cell uses isomerases and reductase enzymes to convert these intermediates to metabolites that can reenter b oxidation

Question 17

ketogenesis

Answer 17

most acetyl coA enters TCA cycle but some is converted to ketone bodies
ketone bodies are water soluble and can be used by some tissues for energy
main two ketones (acetoacetate, D beta hydroxybutyrate)- used for energy - transported into tissues and converted back to acoA

Question 18

fat oxidation during exercise

Answer 18

energy expenditure
rest= primarily plasma FFA and some plasma glucose
40%= some muscle glycogen, some plasma FFA, some other fat sourcces and small amount of plasma glucose
55%= more muscle glycogen, same amount of FFA and other, more glucose
75%= even more muscle glycogen, less FFA and other fat, more glucose

Question 19

hormonal stimulation of lipolysis

Answer 19

exercise stimulates lipolysis
increased adrenaline binding to Beta adrenoreceptors (GPCRs)
increased glucagon binding to glucagon receptors (GPCRs)

Question 20

re-esterfication

Answer 20

at rest, rate of lipolysis exceeds rate of FA oxidation
lots of FAs are reesterfied
at the start of moderate intensitiy exercise, rate of re esterfication reduces

Question 21

tissue blood flow

Answer 21

increased blood flow to adipose tissue at the onset of exercise
this allows for an increase in removal of fatty acids from the adipose tissue
muscle blood flow increased >10 fold during moderate intensity exercise allowing FA to be delivered to the muscle for oxidation

Question 22

biochemical regualtion of fat metab

Answer 22

increased CD36 content at the plasma membrane at the onset of exercise
enables more FA uptake

CPT-1 can be allosterically inhibited by malonyl coA
exercise reduces the sensitivity of CPT1 to malonyl coA, thus making it more active
CPT1 can therefore increase FA transport into the mitochondria

Question 23

increased fat oxidation during exercise

Answer 23

elevations in fat oxidations during exercise
- increased lipolysis
- decreased re esterification
- increased blood flow to adipose and muscle tissues
- increased CD36 (fa uptake) and CPT1 (fa mitochondrial transport)
- muscle IMTGs are utilised

Question 24

fat oxidation at high intensities

Answer 24

lipolysis decreases at high intensities
- rate of apperarance of glycerol increases at high exericse intensity - lipolysis is fine
- rate of appearance of FAs doesnt change - FAs are not entering blood

infusion of FAs increases FA availability but only induces a slight increase in fat oxidation at 85% vo2 max
must be a limitation at the muscle level that is preventing oxidation of dats at high exercise intensities

Question 25

sites of reduced fat metab at high intensity exercise

Answer 25

skeletal muscle HSL- AMPK can phosphorylate inhibitory sites on HSL in adipose tissue- effect in muscle not known
skeletal muscle CD36- unknown if translocation is impaired at high intensities
skeletal muscle carnitine content- carnitine conc decreases at high intensity exercise- not known how much is needed for maximal FA transport
skeletal muscle CPT1 activity- limited evidence to suggest this might be negatively affected by exercise intensity

Question 26

regulation of carb metabolism by FA

Answer 26

glucose fatty acid cycle - randle cycle
demonstrated how intermediates of high fat metab could inhibit muscle metab
high acetyl coA from b oxidation can inhibit PDH activity
high citrate can inhibit PFK
consequent reduction in glycolytic flux can cause a build up of glucose 6 phosphate- inhibits hexokinase

Question 27

use of fats

Answer 27

slow and less economic than carbs
skeletal muscle has been designed to reduce the reliance on fat derived atp at intense aerobic power outputs
may be due to greater atp produced/ oxygen consumed (P/O ratio) when carb is substrate
faster to liberate and use carb

for the same o2 consumption you generate less atp when fat is the main fuel source, for the same amount of atp you utlise more o2 when fat is main fuel source

Question 28

f

fat oxidation duirng exercise

Answer 28

duration
increased reliance on fat sources as exercises duration increases
likely to compensate for the reduced muscle glycogen stores
fat oxidation is mainly influenced by CHO oxidation