experimental techniques

Question 1

gas exchange measures

Answer 1

collection of expired breath samples dates to 1800s- douglas bag used since early 1900s
linear relationship between aerobic power and whole body consumtpion during cycling

Question 2

glucose oxidation

Answer 2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20
- Energy released = 2805 kJ/mol
- Molecular weight = 180
- Energy released = 16kj/g (2805/180)
- 6 moles o2= 6x22.4L= 134.4L of o2
- Energy released= 20.9kJ/litre of o2 (2805/134.4)

1 mole of gas at 0C occupies 22.4L

Question 3

fat oxidation

Answer 3

C16H32O2 + 23O2 = 16CO2 + 16H2O
- energy released= 10100kj/mol
- MW of palmitate = 256
- energy released 16kj/g
- 23 moles of o2= 515l of o2
- total energy released = 19.6kj/litre

Question 4

RER (vco2/vo2)

Answer 4

determined by the relative contributions of carbs and fat to energy supply
RER= 1.0= 100% carb oxidation
RER= 0.7= 100% fat oxidation
RER= 0.85= 50% carb and fat

Question 5

saliva measures

Answer 5

common to measure antibodies (igA) and hormones (cortisol)
hormomnes may be useful to detect overtraining
important for digestion - amylase/lipase- and even efficacy of some dietary supplements (nitrates)

Question 6

blood measures

Answer 6

lanet- fingertip/earlope- collection of capillary blood
venepuncture- usually from antecubital fossa/ forearm
cannulation- vemous and usually antecubital fossa/ forearm

Question 7

blood sample handling

Answer 7

blood withdrawn into a syringe + palced in a glass tube
place in centrifuge and spin for 10 mins
components of blood separate during centrifugation to reveal plasma, buffy coat and ethryocytes

Question 8

blood sample

Answer 8

plasma- 55% of whole blood (white in colour)
buffy coat- leukocytes and plateletes (<1% of whole blood)
erythrocytes - 44% of whole blood- red in colour

Question 9

blood handling- plasma

Answer 9

blood is prevented from clotting by an addition of an anticoagulant (eg heparin, EDTA) and centrifuged (1500-2500xg for 10 mins) immediatley

Question 10

blood handling- serum

Answer 10

blood is allowed to clot- takes about 20 mins at room temp
prior to centriguation

Question 11

AV difference

Answer 11

AV difference method estimates uptake or release of substance and requires sampling of blood from artery and vein in and out of tissue of intereset

Question 12

muscle measures

Answer 12

interested in muscles as what happens in muscles will dictate perfromance, recovery and adaptive responses
muscle biopses introduced in 1960s in scandinavia

Question 13

muscle biopsies measure

Answer 13

muscle fibre type, capillarisation, enzyme content (markers of training status + ability)
muscle substrates- CHO, fat, pcr, atp, lactate; at rest, during exercise and during recovery
acute/ transient molecular responses (signalling pthways eg AMPK) to diet and or exercise