FASD

Question 1

What are the 4 diagnoses under the FASD umbrella

Answer 1

FAS
Partial FAS
alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder
alcohol related birth defects

Question 2

FAS

Answer 2

most serious on the FASD spectrum
facial abnormabilites - thin upper lip, smooth surface of the skin between the nsoe and upper lip, small eyes, and small head circumference
growth deficits - decrease in weight and height
CNS abnormailites - several neulogical disorders such as strucutral and functional abnormailite sin the brain and spine

Question 3

Partial FAS

Answer 3

exhibit certain characteristics of FAS but not all.

Need - CNS abnormalitites, facial abnoramalitites, and record of prenantal alcohol exposure

Question 4

Alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 4

no growth problems or facial abrnomailites but have learning or behaviors and intellecutal disability

intellcultal functioning exmaples: complixation in leanring, communcation, problem solving and adaptive behaviours

Question 5

Alcohol related birth defects

Answer 5

complication in the development of kidney, heat, brain, and bones and their function

Question 6

• Do animal models capture the FASD phenotype

Answer 6

o Yes craniofacial abnormalities

o And structural changes to corpus callosum and reduction in cerebellum and hippocampus

Question 7

• What is the evidence for oxidative stress as a mechanism in FASD

Answer 7

o Indirect evidence  increased levels markers of ox stress ie. Oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, and changes to antioxidant enzymes are reduced in CNS
o Direct evidence  blocking ROS/ox damage alleviates the damage

Question 8

• What are the rates of FASD

Answer 8

o Estimated 10% of Canadian women drink during pregnancy
o 8% of women who drink during pregnancy have a child with FASD
o FASD prevalence in GTA is 2-3%, Canada 4%, US 3-10%
o Special population within Canada like indigenous communities and children in care have rates around 10-20%

Question 9

• How do mice pregnancy compare to human gestational times

Answer 9

○ Human brain development rapidly grows between week 25 and 38
○ Rodent undergo substantial changes following birth
○ Frist trimester - GD 1-11 in rodents
○ 2nd - 11/21-22
3rd - PND 1-10

Question 10

• What are the hypothesized mechanisms of FASD

Answer 10

o Hypoxia
o Eigentic changes in gene expression
o Protein alternations affecting cellular enegy and signal transduction pathways
o Deregulation or altered cellular processes
o Neurotransmission
o Growth factos and tropic support

Question 11

FASD symtoms and correlated brian changes

Answer 11

Motor skills, cerebellum (purkinje cells) Motor hyperactivity, poor motor coordination
Learning and memory, hippoampus (dentate gyrus) Hippocampal cell loss, altered neuronal morphology, decreased synaptic density, and reduced trophic supper
Executive funtion, frontal cortex and extra frtonal cortex Cognitive control of behaviour, basic cognitive processes such as attentional control, cognitive inhibiton, inhibitory contorl, working memory, and cognititve flexibility

Question 12

Genneral consensus of the effects of PAE

Answer 12

• Hippocampus –> asymmetry of the hippocampus, left lobe smaller than the right lobe
○ One of the most damaged structures
• Cerebellum –> anterior part of the vermis develop hypoplasia
• Corpus callosum –> some cases, total or partial loss of the structure
• Basal ganglia –> (motor and cognitive abilities), smaller size esp. Cadual nucleus ( spatial capacity)
• Changes in cortical folding