FARs Flashcards
91.167 fuel requirements for IFR
IFR flight helicopter to destination and then alternate and then after for 30 minutes minimum
91.169 IFR planning minimums
At time of arrival and for 1 hour after the ceiling WILL be 400 feet or higher than lowest approach minima
OR 1000 feet above field elevation
And at least 2 SM visibility
Alternate
200 foot ceiling greater than applicable approach to be flown
And 1 mile Vis
But never less visibility than the approach.
Conventional approach (NON copter) visibility heights and speeds
Visibility: 1/2 CAT A minima or 1200 RVR but never less than 1/4 mile. Unless annotated as VISIBILITY REDUCTION BY HELICOPTER NA
MDA /DA: as published for CAT A minima
Speed: enroute to final approach segment speeds up to any of the published Categories
Final appr segment must be slowed to 90 or less before MAP to apply the reduced (1/2 Vis) reduction for helicopters
GPS Copter procedure approach
Visibility and MDA/DA : as published
Speed: 90 kts on published track except 70 kts on final up to 7.5 degrees approaches and the. 55 kts 7.5-9 degrees angle
Instrument currency requirements
May not act as PIC in IFR if in preceding 6 calendar months he or she has not:
Performed and logged under actual or simulated conditions either in a simulator or appropriate category aircraft
6 instrument approaches
Holding procedure
Intercept and track courses with Nav systems
If expired an IPC must be done.
91.121 altimeter setting
Must have altimeter setting when below 18,000 feet from a station within 100 miles along your route
91.157
Special VFR weather minimums
Allows helicopters to operate SVFR even below 1mile visibility like fixed wing.
Allows helicopter operate at night SVFR while other aircraft cannot
Part 91 IFR flight with inop equipment
A pilot may defer certain items without an MEL if those items are not required by the type certificate, CFRs, or any ADss AND the flight can be performed safely without them.
If item is disabled or removed a logbook entry MUST be made
Helicopter VFR minimums (same as fixed wing with 2 exceptions)
Class A N/A Class C, D, E 500 below 1000 above 2000 horizontal 3 SM Vis (Except class E above 10K 1000,1000,1mile horizontally and 5 SM Vis) Class B clear of clouds 3 SM Vis
Class G. Day or night. Clear of clouds
SVFR for BCDE surface area
Clear of clouds day or night that’s it. No Vis limit
Required reports to ATC
Time and altitude entering holding or reaching a fix cleared to
When leaving assigned holding fix or point
Change in filed airspeed 5 percent or 10 knots(at cruising speed)
When vacating previously assigned altitude
When unable to climb/descend at least 500 fpm
When executing the missed
Minimum safe altitudes
91.119
Helicopters may be operated at less than prescribed( congested areas 1000 feet above highest obstacles and 2000 feet horizontal………or 500 feet above obstacles in “other than congested” areas
Helicopters “if operations is conducted without hazard to persons or property on the surface “
Typical dimensions of airspace
Class A above 18K
Class B upwards to 10,000 feet can extend many miles laterally
Class C usually 4000 above airport 5 and 10nm radius
Class D usually 2500 above airport and average 4.3 nm radius
Class G 700 or 1200 if not depicted its 1200
Class E 1200 to 18000 (there are exceptions)
Class E VFR minimums
VFR weather minimums above 10 thousand feet 1000 above 1000 below 1 mile horizontal And 5 miles Vis. Below 10,000 500 below 1000 above 2000 horizontal And 3 mile vis
Needed to continue approach past DH/DH/MDA?
CVR
1 C ontinuous position to land on intended runway
2 V isibility
3 R unway environment in sight (10 things) paint Pavement lights
10 items needed to continue approach
1,2,3 Threshold, Threshold markings, Threshold lights.
4,5, Touchdown zone, TD zone markings, TD zone lights
6,7 Runway, Runway markings, Runway Lights
8 REIL (runway end identifier lights) green row in front of runway.
9 VASI (visual approach slope indicator)
Tenth item only one On approach side of threshold
10 Approach lights system (ALSF-2)
Must have ONE of the first 9 to descend and land
Or at least the ALSF lights to continue to 100 above TDZE
Aircraft airworthiness
Annual inspection ADs complied with Transponder checked with 24months ELT checked within 12 months VOR checked within 30 days Altimeter and pitot static checked within 24 months
Weight balance TYPICALLY every 36months (part 135) but there are exceptions
Required equipment DAY VFR
….ATOMS FAA
and an ELT
Airspeed indicator Tachometer Oil temp and pressure gauge Mag Compass Safety belts
Fuel gauge
Altimeter
Anti collision light
& an ELT
Required items Night VFR
......FLAPS ......... Fuses (only if accessible to pilot and NA to ckt bkr aircraft. Landing light(if for hire) Anti collision light Position lights Source of electricity (generator)
And all day items.
IFR required equipment
........"DATACARD"........... Directional gyro Attitude indicator Turn coordinator Altimeter Clock with seconds Alternator/generator Radios 2 way DME or GPS above FL240
VOR checks
Must be verified accurate with last 30 days
gnd test point + - 4 degrees
If doing dual VOR test tolerance is 4 degrees
All airborne tests tolerances 6 degrees
(record) ....PEDS..... place error date signature
Clearance copy format
.........CRAFT........ Clearance limit Route Altitude Frequency Transponder code
Takeoff minimums
Not required for part 91
other than attain V mini before going IMC
Not a good idea tho. Use at least ILS or LPV minimums so you could return to land in emergency
SID
ODP
STAR
Standard instrument departure
Obstacle departure procedure
Standard arrival procedure
what required items warrant reporting to ATC
.....MATHCLUS...... Missed approach Altitude change TAS change of 10 kts or 5% holds (time and altitude reaching fix and time leaving hold fix Climb (unable to climb at least 500 fpm) Loss of equipment Un-forecast or hazardous weather Safety of flight
In NON radar environment
FAF/OM inbound
ETA change + - minutes
Weather hazardous
Compulsory reporting points info
.......PTA ETA next....... Position Time Altitude ETA and name of next point Next reporting point beyond
Ratio for decent
For 3 deg glide slope =gnd speed divided by 2 and add 0
Lost comms route and altitude
7600
…….Route…….(in order of priority)
AVE-F(acronym)or Avenue F
Assigned
Vectored
Expected
Filed
……..Altitude…….. (highest of following)
MEA (acronym)
MEA (min enroute altitude)
Expected
Assigned
Holding as assigned by ATC
Direction (cardinal) Fix Radial or heading turns(omitted if standard) EFC time
Landing at uncontrolled airport
Must ask ATC to close plan for you before changing freq
If not must close with FSS or by phone
Lost comms
when to leave Clearance limit?
Is clearance is fix from where approach begins?
Yes
Start decent and approach as close as possible to the EFC time if received, (if none) then as close to filed or amended time as possible
NO Leave clearance limit fix at the EFC time or upon arrival over the fix. Proceed to a fix where approach begins and start approach as close as possible to the ETA (or amended ETE) as filed
Documents required to be onboard
AROW Airworthiness Registration Operators Manual(FM) Weight and balance
Large Aircraft means what?
more than 12,500 lbs max cert TO weight
determine needed rate of decent for 3 deg glide slope
gnd speed X 5 very close
RVR values
1600=1/4 mile
2400=1/2 mile
can part 91 attempt an approach when weather is below Min?
yes
part 91 can at least try but part 121 135 etc…cannot
DH vs DA
DH is altitude above gnd AGL
DA is height above gnd in MSL
LNAV + V is?
LNAV/VNAV or LPV is
still an MDA but has an “advisory Glide Path” to assist but not mandatory
LNAV/VNAV or LPV is a DA and is mandatory to follow glide path
precision app vs NON precision app
Precision has vertical guidance Non precision does NOT
VDP is?
visual decent point. showing a 3 degree slope to the runway from that point. if depicted dont descend below MDA until this point
oxygen required when ?
above 12,500 for 30 minutes for pilots and above 14K any length for pilots and above 15K for Pax any length
“What are the general eligibility requirements for an airline transport pilot certificate? (14 CFR 61.153)”
“a. Be at least 23 years of age;
b. Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language;
c. Be of good moral character;
d. Meet at least one of the following requirements:
• Hold at least a commercial pilot certificate and an instrument rating;
• Meet the military experience requirements under §61.73 to qualify for a commercial pilot certificate, and an instrument rating if the person is a rated military pilot or former rated military pilot of an Armed Force of the United States; or
• Hold either a foreign airline transport pilot or foreign commercial pilot license and an instrument rating if the person holds a pilot license issued by a contracting State to the Convention on International Civil Aviation;
e. Meet the aeronautical experience requirements applicable to the aircraft category and class rating sought before applying for the practical test;”
“f. Pass a knowledge test on the required aeronautical knowledge areas that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;
g. Pass the practical test on the required areas of operation that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; and
h. Comply with the sections of Part 61 that apply to the aircraft category and class rating
