FARs Flashcards
Review Part 61 and 91 of FAR as they relate to Private Pilot cert
1
Q
What is the responsibility of PIC? What authority is specified by the FARs?
91.3
A
A) directly responsible for and final authority of operation of aircraft.
B) In an in-flight emergency PIC may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet the emergency.
C) any pilot who deviates from a rule under B shall, upon request of the administrator file a written report of that deviation to the administrator.
2
Q
91.9 - Compliance with aircraft limitations, markings, and placards
A
No person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified.
3
Q
91.11 - interference with crewmembers
A
No person may assault, threaten, intimidate, or interfere with any crew member in the performance of their duties aboard an aircraft being operated.
4
Q
91.13 - Careless and reckless operation
A
No person may operate an aircraft in a careless or reckless manner so as to endanger the life or property of another.
5
Q
Can you drop objects from your aircraft?
91.15
A
No PIC may allow any object to be dropped that creates a hazard to persons or property. This does not prohibit the dropping of objects if reasonable precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage
6
Q
What do the regulations state about the use of alcohol and drugs?
91.17
A
A) no person may operate as a crewmember:
1) within 8 hrs after consumption of any alcoholic beverage.
2) while under influence of alcohol
3) while using any drug that affects the persons faculties in any way contrary to safety.
4) while having an alcohol concentration of 0.04 or greater
B) except in emergency no PIC may allow a person who appears to be intoxicated to be a passenger
7
Q
What do the regulations state about the carriage of drugs?
91.19
A
No person may operate an aircraft with knowledge that narcotic drugs, marijuana, and depressant or stimulant drugs are carried on the aircraft.
8
Q
What is required as part of your preflight?
91.103
A
Performance
NOTAMS
Elevation
Wweather
Known delays
Runway lengths
Alternates
Fuel requirements
Takeoff/landing distance
91.103
9
Q
What are the requirements for seatbelts?
91.107
A
1) each person must be briefed on how to fasten/unfasten seatbelt before takeoff, landing, or any movement.
3) everyone must occupy a seat with a belt and/or harness.
10
Q
What is needed for an aircraft to be used for instruction?
91.109
A
The aircraft must be equipped with dual controls
11
Q
Can you fly in formation?
91.111
A
A) no person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft so as to create a collision hazard.
B) No formation flight except by arrangement with the PIC of each in the formation.
C) no person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers for hire in formation flight.
12
Q
Who has right of way?
91.113, 91.115
A
Except Water Ops
- In distress - has right of way over all other aircraft.
- Converging - When same category, the one to the right has the right of way. Balloon has row over all other aircraft. Glider has ROW over airship, powered parachute, weight-shift-control aircraft, airplane or rotorcraft. Airship has ROW over all other A/C. An aircraft towing or refueling other aircraft has the right-of-way over all other engine-driven aircraft.
- Approaching Head On - alter course to the right
- Overtaking - aircraft overtaken has ROW - overtaking aircraft shall pass well to the right.
- Landing - aircraft on final approach. If two the lower one has ROW but shall not take advantage of it.
Water Ops
- Crossing - aircraft to the other’s right has ROW
- Approaching Head On - alter course to the right
- Overtaking - aircraft overtaken has ROW - overtaking aircraft shall alter course to keep well clear
- Special Circumstances - When aircraft and/or vessel approach in a manner that would risk collision, each aircraft and/or vessel shal proceed with careful regard to existing circumstances, including craft limitations
13
Q
At what speeds may you operate an aircraft?
91.117
A
- below 10,000 = 250 kts
- below 2500’ within 4 mi. Of class C or D airport = 200 kts
- underlying Class B or in VFR corridor = 200 kts
14
Q
What are the minimum safe altitudes?
91.119
A
- altitude allowing if a power unit fails to make an emergency landing without undue hazard to person or property on the surface.
- congested area: 1000’ above highest obstacle and 2000’ horizontally.
- other than congested area: 500’ from surface, persons, vessels, vehicles and structures
- helicopters can be operated at less than minimums provided compliance with routes and altitudes prescribed for helicopters.
15
Q
What should you use to set your altimeter?
91.121
A
- A Wx station along route and within 100 nm of aircraft. If no station, use the appropriate available station or use field elevation
- Above 18,000 ft MSL - 29.92
16
Q
How should you comply with ATC clearances and instructions?
91.123
A
- No pilot may deviate from that clearance unless an amended clearance is obtained, an emergency exists, or the deviation is in response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance
- If a deviation is necessary, the PIC should notify ATC as soon as possible
- If given priority by ATC in an emergency, PIC shal submit a detailed report of the emergency with 48 hours to the manager of that ATC facility, if requested
17
Q
Explain the meaning of each light gun signal
91.125
A
18
Q
How much fuel are you required to have for VFR Flights?
91.151
A
Enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and, assuming normal cruise speed, to fly an additional 20 minutes
19
Q
Explain Special VFR weather minimums as they relate to Rotorcraft
91.157
A
Helicopters are able to request SVFR during day and night even when the visibility is less than 1 mile. In contrast, an airplane would only be able to request SVFR with at least 1 mile visibility during the day, and the pilot would need an instrument rating during night time
Requirements
* ATC Clearance
* Clear of clouds
20
Q
What are the VFR cruising altitudes?
91.159
A
Mag course of 0 to 179 - odd thousands plus 500
180 to 359 - even thousands plus 500
21
Q
When is supplemental oxygen required?
91.211
A
- 12,500’ MSL to 14,000’ - has and uses if there over 30 min.
- 14,000’ - min required flight crew has and uses for entire flight above that altitude.
- 15,000’ - every occupant is provided.
22
Q
Where is aerobatic flight prohibited?
91.303
A
Prohibited over:
* congested area of city, town, or settlement.
* over an open air assembly of persons
* within lateral boundaries of B, C, D, or E airspace
* within 4 miles of center line of federal airway
* below 1500’
* when visibility is less than 3 sm.
23
Q
What documents must you have with you to fly the airplane?
61.3
A
Pilot certificate, medical certificate, and government issued photo ID
*as a student pilot, these documents in addition to your logbook (to show endorsements) are only required when acting as PIC (solo flight)
61.3
24
Q
What are your limitations as a student pilot?
61.89
A
- No passengers
- Cannot carry property for compensation or hire
- Cannot fly in furtherance of a business
- Cannot fly with a flight or surface visibility of less than 3sm during the day and 5sm at night and flight must be made with visual references to the surface.
61.89
25
What privileges and limitations apply to private pilot?
| 61.113, 91.146
**Privileges**
* Act as PIC and carry passengers
* conduct search and locate operations
* fly for charitable, non-profit, or community event if meeting 91.146
* act as an aircraft salesman if you have at least 200 hours
* act as PIC for compensation or hire if flight is incidental to that business and doesn't carry pax or property for hire
* tow a glider or unpowered ultralight if meeting 61.69
* act as PIC for a flight test in a light-sport A/C intended for cert in light-sport category under 21.190 as long as 61.113 is met
**Limitations** – Cannot fly for hire; must pay no less than pro rata share
## Footnote
61.113, 91.146
26
Do you need to take your logbook with you?
| 61.51
Only as a solo student pilot on a cross country flight
## Footnote
61.51
27
What type of pilot certificate do you have? Does it expire?
| 61.19
* Under 40, a student pilot certificate expires after 60 calendar months
* Over 40 it expires after 24 calendar months
* PPL, CPL, CFI, Ground Instructors, and ATP certificates are issued without an expiration date.
## Footnote
61.19
28
How do we keep our pilot certificate current?
| 61.56, 61.57
* Student pilot: with valid medical certificate
* PPL: Flight review every 24 calendar months
## Footnote
61.56, 61.57
29
What are the currency requirements for carrying passengers?
| 61.57
3 take offs and landings within the preceding 90 days in an aircraft of the same category, class and type if required. At night, these 3 landings must be made to a full stop.
## Footnote
61.57
30
Night definition? When can you perform required night landings?
| 1.1, 61.57
* Night = the time between evening civil twilight and morning civil twilight
* Night landings can be logged 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise.
## Footnote
1.1, 61.57
31
How long is a medical certificate valid for?
| 61.23
## Footnote
61.23
32
What documents should be in the aircraft before flight?
| 91.9, 91.203
**A**irworthiness Certificate
**R**egistration
**R**adio License (required for international flight)
**O**perating Limitations (found in the POH)
**W**eight and Balance equipment list
**C**ompass Deviation Card
**E**xternal Data Plate/Serial Number
## Footnote
91.9, 91.203
33
When will an aircraft registration certificate expire?
7 years
| PHAK 8-6
## Footnote
https://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/aircraft_certification/aircraft_registry
34
Which weight and balance information must be in the aircraft, the one on the takeoff data
card or the one in the airplane flight manual?
Updated weight and balance equipment list in the AFM
35
With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of **airmen**, what do category,
class, and type mean?
| 61.5
**Category:**
* Airplane
* Rotorcraft
* Glider
* Lighter-Than-Air
* Powered Lift
* Powered Parachute
* Weight-Shift Control
* Rocket
**Class:**
*Rotorcraft*
* helicopter
* gyro-plane
*Airplane*
* Single Engine Land/Sea
* Multi Engine Land/Sea
*LTA*
* Airship
* Free Balloon
*Powered Parachute*
* Land
* Sea
*WSC*
* Land
* Sea
**Type:** specific to aircraft only required for
* aircraft with a max gross weight equal or greater than 12,500lbs
* turbojet
* or any aircraft specified by the FAA to require one
## Footnote
61.5, 61.31
36
If a pilot changes his permanent mailing address, how long can the pilot continue to exercise
the privileges of their pilot certificate without notifying the FAA?
| 61.60
30 days
## Footnote
61.60
37
Does an Airworthiness Certificate ever expire?
Not as long as inspections are kept up to date and manufacturer's original design is adhered to
38
Does the POH meet the requirement of having an AFM?
Yes. The POH for most light aircraft built after 1975 is also the FAA designated AFM.
## Footnote
PHAK 8-2
39
Who says we have to follow the POH?
FAR 91.9 states, “…no person may operate a civil aircraft without complying with the operating limitations specified in the approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual…”
40
Who is responsible for ensuring an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition?
The owner/operator
## Footnote
91.403
41
What are the required aircraft inspections?
**S**ervice Bulletins
**A**Ds
**L**ife-limited parts
**T**ime before overhaul
**H**undred hour
**A**nnual (12 calender months)
**T**ransponder (24 calendar months)
**E**LT (12 calendar months)
*IFR*
**P**itot Static (24 calendar months)
**G**PS (28 days)
**V**OR check (30 days)
42
What is an Airworthiness Directive? Is it mandatory?
FAA issued order to fix a known issue. It is mandatory.
## Footnote
PHAK 8-12
43
What different kinds of AD’s are there?
* Emergency – These require immediate compliance before flight
* One Time – After the AD is complied with once, there is no further need to address the specified issue
* Recurring – This AD must be complied with at the specified interval.
44
Can you over fly an annual? 100 hour?
The only way to overfly an annual is to obtain a special flight permit from the FSDO.
A 100 hour inspection may be overflown by no more than 10 hours and only if enroute to the
place where the inspection will be done. An annual inspection can be substituted for the 100 hour
however, a 100 hour cannot substitute an annual inspection.
## Footnote
91.409
45
Do you need to have an ELT in the airplane today?
Not needed for training within 50 nm of home airport
## Footnote
91.207
46
When does an ELT battery have to be replaced or recharged?
12 calendar months, or 1 hour of cumulative use, or 1/2 of battery life
## Footnote
91.207
47
What is the equipment required for VFR Flight?
| 91.205
***Day***
**A**ltimeter
**T**achometer
**O**il temperature gauge
**M**agnetic compass
**A**irspeed Indicator
**T**emperature gauge (for liquid cooled engines)
**O**il pressure
**F**uel quantity gauge
**F**loatation gear if operated for hire over water beyond power-off gliding distance from shore
**L**anding gear position indicator (for retractable landing gear)
**A**nti-collision lights – Aviation red or white (e.g. red rotating beacon or white strobes)
**M**anifold pressure gauge (for airplanes with a constant speed propeller)
**E**LT (12, 1, .5)
**S**eatbelts
***Night***
**F**uses
**L**anding Light
**A**nti-Collision Lights
**P**osition Lights
**S**ource of Power
**R44 Specific**
**G**overnor
**O**AT
**A**lternator
**L**ow RPM Warning System (horn and light)
**H**ydraulic System
## Footnote
91.205
48
What would you do if you found that the landing light was inoperative?
| 91.213
Cannot fly at night per the FARs – During the day you would deactivate or remove the component and placard it inoperative (deactivating could be as simple as pulling the circuit breaker out)
## Footnote
91.213
49
Can you fly an airplane with known inoperative equipment?
Yes, if it is not included in 91.205 and it has been deactivated/removed and placarded inoperative
50
What is a Minimum Equipment List?
An FAA approved list of equipment that can be inoperative
## Footnote
PHAK 8-9
51
Can an aircraft owner change an MEL?
If a change is sought, a letter and a proposed MEL that is based off of the Master MEL must be sent to the FAA for approval
52
What are the eligibility requirements for a private pilot certificate?
* 17 years old
* read, speak, write, understand English
* at least third-class medical
* received required ground and flight training endorsements
* meet applicable aeronautical experience requirements
* pass required knowledge and practical tests
To verify you're current and eligible for the practical:
* required hours, current, double-check all endorsements (especially 90 day solo flight endorsement)
| 61.103
53
What is required to remain current as a private pilot?
* flight review in preceeding 24 months with logbook endorsement in aircraft for which the pilot is rated
* to carry pax, 3 takeoffs and landings as sole manipulator of controls in same category, class and type within preceding 90 days
* to carry pax at night, 3 takeoff and landings full stop in same category, class and type within preceding 90 days
approved flight simulator or FTD may be used for TOs and landings
| 61.56-57
54
You haven't kept up with logging each of your recent flights. Are you violating any regulations?
No. Only required to document training and aeronautical experience used to meet the requirements for a cert, rating, or flight review and recent flight experience reqs.
| 61.51
55
You're flying a single engine, high-performance, complex airplane. You hold a private pilot cert with ASEL, but don't have high-performance or complex endorsements. Your friend, who has these endoresements, is acting as PIC for the flight. Can you log PIC time for the time you act as sole manipulator of the controls?
Yes. A sport, rec, private, commercial, or ATP may log PIC time for the time during which that pilot is the "sole manipulator of the controls of an aircraft for which the pilot is rated or has privileges."
You can **log** the time, just not **act** as PIC. To act as PIC, you must be properly rated *and* authorized to conduct the flight, which includes having required endorsements.
| 61.31, 61.51
56
Explain the difference between being current and being proficient.
**Current:** pilot has accomplished minimum regulatory requirements within a specific time period and can exercise privileges of cert. It means you're legal to make a flight, but doesn't mean you're proficient or competent to make the flight.
**Proficient:** pilot is capable of conducting a flight with high-degree of competence; not just about being legal (regs) but also being smart and safe
| Risk Management Handbook, FAA-P-8740-36
57
If a pilot's permanent mailing address changes, and the pilot fails to notify the FAA of the new address, how long may the pilot continue to exercise the privileges of a pilot cert?
30 days after the date of the move.
| 61.60
58
What flight time can a pilot log as SIC time?
When qualified in accordance with SIC reqs of 61.55 and occupies a crewmember station in an aircraft that **requires** more than one pilot by the aircraft's type cert, or
You hold the appropriate category, class, and instrument rating (if required) for the aircraft being flown, and the type cert of the aircraft or the regulation under which the flight is being conducted requires more than one pilot.
| 61.51
59
Can you ask several friends that fly with you to regularly contribute money to help pay for your annual?
No, the pro-rata compensation only applies to operational expenses, not fixed or long-term operating expenses
| 61.113
60
You get ramp checked. What documents do you have to show the inspector?
pilot cert, medical, photo ID
61
With respect to the certification, privileges, and limitations of **aircraft**, what do category,
class, and type mean?
***Category*:** grouping based on intended use or operating limitations
**Standard:** (white paper) are issued for:
**S**pecial classes
**A**crobatic - capable of performing aerobatic flight with limited restrictions, with a max of 9 seats plus the pilot and weight limit of 12,500
**N**ormal -an aircraft not approved for aerobatic flight, with a capacity of 9 or fewer pax and a max TO weight of 12,500 lbs
**C**ommuter - A multi-engine propeller aircraft for transporting up to 19 pax, with a weight limit under 19,000 lbs
**T**ransport - varying seating and weight criteria based on engine type, with jet engine transports rated for more than 10 seats and over 12,500 lbs and piston engine transports capable of carry up to 19 people and weight more than 19,000 lbs
**U**utility - max 9 pax seats plus pilot seats, weighing up to 12,500 lbs and authorized for limited aerobatic maneuvers
**M**anned balloon
**Special:** (pink paper) are issued for:
**S**pecial flight permit
**P**provisional - certified for a limited duration, with Class I certifications valid for 24 months and Class II for 12 months
**P**primary - manufactured with a production certificate and intended for personal use; carrying pax or property for hire is generally prohibited for this category
**E**xperimental - wide range of aircraft, including kit-built, amateur-built, unmanned, light sport, research and development, and air racing projects
**L**imited - military aircraft modified/converted for civilian use
**L**ight-sport -sport aircraft that do not fall under gyroplane, kit-built, or ultralight categories
**R**estricted - built for specific purposes, such as agriculture, conservation, surveying, weather control, or advertising, and can only be used for their designated purpose
**M**ultiple
***Class*:** broad grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing
* Airplane
* Rotorcraft
* Glider
* Balloon
* Landplane
* Seaplane
***Types*:** aircraft that are similar in design eg. 737-700 and 737-700C
| Part 1
## Footnote
https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification/std_awcert
62
What can a pilot do if tehy develop a condition that prevents them from obtaining a medical certificate?
At the discretion of the Federal Air Surgeon, a Statement of Demonstrated Ability (SODA) may be granted, instead of an authorization, to a person whose disqualifying condition is static or nonprogressive and who has been found capable of performing pilot duties without endangering public safety. A SODA does not expire and authorizes a DME to issue a medical cert as long as the condition described has not adversely changed.
| 67.401
63
Can you still fly if you took allergy medication?
The safest rule is to not fly while taking any medication.
Pilots are prohibited from performing crewmember duties while using any medication which affects the body in any way contrary to safety.
| 61.53, 91.17, PHAK
64
Where can you find a list of medical conditions that may disqualify you from obtaining a medical cert?
Part 67, AIM 8-1-1, PHAK
65
What requirements must be met to fly under BasicMed?
* valid driver's license
* hold or have held a medical at any point after July 14, 2006
* Answer health questions on the Comprehensive Medical Examination Checklist
* Get your physical examination by any state-licensed physician, and have that physician complete the CMEC (be sure to keep your copy of the CMEC)
* Take a BasicMed online medical education course. Keep the course completion document issued to you by the course provider
| AC-68-1
66
What privileges and limitations apply to flying under BasicMed?
Can conduct any operation you would otherwise be able to with a third-class medical, except:
* fly with more than 5 passengers
* fly an aircraft that has max TO weight greater than 6000 lbs
* fly an aircraft that is authorized to carry more than six occupants
* fly at an indicated airspeed more than 250 knots and/or above 18,000 MSL
* fly for compensation or hire
| AC-68-1
67
What is required to maintain BasicMed priveleges?
* CMEC that shows your most recent physical was within past 48 months
* being treated by a physician for medical conditions that may affect the safety of flight
* course completion cert issued by BasicMed training course provider within the past 24 months
| AC-68-1
68
If your driver's license was suspended for DUI but you haven't actually been convicted, do you need to report it to the FAA?
Yes, within 60 days of the suspension
| 61.15
69
What is an airworthiness certificate?
Issued to an aircraft that has been proven to meet the minimum design and manufacturing requirements and in condition for safe operation. The aircraft must meet the requirements of the original type cert, or it is no longer airworthy.
| PHAK
70
What is the difference between standard and special airworthiness certificates?
**Standard:** (white paper) are issued for:
**S**pecial classes
**A**crobatic
**N**ormal
**C**ommuter
**T**ransport
**U**utility
**M**anned balloon
**Special:** (pink paper) are issued for:
**S**pecial flight permit
**P**provisional
**P**primary
**E**xperimental
**L**imited
**L**ight-sport
**R**estricted
**M**ultiple
| PHAK
## Footnote
https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification/std_awcert
71
What is an experimental airworthiness certificate?
Issued to experimental category aircraft which does not have a type certificate or does not conform to it's type cert but is in a condition for safe operation. Also issued to operate a primary category kit-built aircraft that was assembled without the supervision and quality control of the production certificate holder.
| PHAK
72
Does an airworthiness certificate expire?
No. It remains valid as long as the aircraft meets the approved type design, is in a condition for safe operation, and maintenance, preventative maintenance, and alterations are performed in accordance with parts 21, 43, 91.
| PHAK
73
Where must the airworthiness certificate be located?
Displayed at cabin or cockpit entrance so that it is eligible to pax and crew.
| 91.203
74
For an aircraft to be airworthy, what two conditions must be met?
* Must conform to its type design, including supplemental type certs and field-approval alterations
* must be in condition for safe operation
75
How does a pilot determine if an aircraft conforms to its approved type design or is in condition for safe operation?
**Type Design:** ensure all maintenance, preventative maintenance, repairs, and alterations have been appropriately documented in the aircraft's maintenance records.
**Safe Operation:** thorough preflight; if unsafe condition exists or instruments are inop, use 91.213 to handle inop equipment
| Part 21
76
What records or documents should be checked to determine that the owner or operator of an aircraft has complied with all required inspections and airworthiness directives?
Maintenance records (aircraft and engine logbooks).
| 91.405
77
Who is responsible for ensuring an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition?
The owner or operator of an aircraft is primarily responsible for maintaining an aircraft in an airworthy condition.
| 91.403
78
Describe some of the responsibilities an aircraft owner has pertaining to aircraft documents, maintenance, and inspections of their aircraft?
* Have current airworthiness certificate and aircraft registration in the aircraft
* maintain the aircraft in an airworthy condition including compliance with all applicable Airworthiness Directives
* Ensure proper records of maintenance
* Keep abreast of current regulations concerning the operation of the aircraft
* Notify the FAA Registry immediately of any change in permanent mailing address, the sale or export of the aircraft, or the loss of citizenship
* Have current FCC radio station license if equipped with radios, including an ELT if operated outside the US
| PHAK
79
What are Airworthiness Directives?
The medium by which the FAA notifies aircraft owners and other potentially interested persons of unsafe conditions that may exist because of design defects, maintenance, or other causes, and specifies the conditions under which the product may continue to be operated. ADs are regulatory/mandatory.
Example: fuel bladders on the R44
| PHAK
80
When are emergency ADs issued?
When an unsafe condition exists that requires immediate action by an owner/operator
80
Can you fly an aircraft with an expired AD to another airoprt where a repair facility can do the work required?
Yes, you can apply to the FAA for a special flight permit following 21.199
| 21.199, AC 39-7
81
What is a type certificate data sheet (TCDS)?
Lists the specifications, conditions, and limitations under which airworthiness requirements were met for the specified product, such as engine make and model, fuel type, engine limits, airspeed limits, max weight, and minimum crew.
82
What is a supplemental type certificate (STC)?
FAA's approval of a major change in the type design of a previously approved type certificated product.
83
What is an aircraft registration certificate?
Issued to the owner as evidence of registration with the FAA Aircraft Registry. Must be carried in the aircraft at all times.
| PHAK
84
Does an aircraft registration cert expire?
Yes, 7 years after the last day of the month it was issued. The Aircraft Registration Application is valid until the applicant receives the registration cert, is denied by the FAA, or 12 months have elapsed.
| 47.31, 47.40
## Footnote
https://www.faa.gov/licenses_certificates/aircraft_certification/aircraft_registry
85
Where can you find information on the placards and marking information required to be in the airplane?
The source of information for identifying the required Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM) approved manual materials, markings, and placards is the FAA TCDS or aircraft specification issued for each airplane eligible for an airworthiness certificate. Required placards are also reporoduced in the "Limitations" section of the AFM or as directed by an AD.
| PHAK, 91.9, 23.1541
86
What are some examples of placards and markings required in the R44?
**Placards** - Limit MAP; V*ne*; Fuel filler caps; Fuel shutoff valve
**Markings** - airspeed indicator markings; fuel and oil filler openings; etc.
| 23.1545-23.1567, POH 2-9
87
What are the required tests and inspections to be performed on an aircraft? Include inspections for IFR.
**S**ervice Bulletins
**A**Ds
**L**ife-limited parts
**T**ime before overhaul
**H**undred hour
**A**nnual (12 calender months)
**T**ransponder (24 calendar months)
**E**LT (12 calendar months)
*IFR*
**P**itot Static (24 calendar months)
**G**PS (28 days)
**V**OR check (30 days)
88
What is an annual inspection, and which aircraft are required to get them?
A complete inspection of an aircraft and engine as required by the regulations that is required to be accomplished every 12 calendar months on all certified aircraft.
| PHAK
89
Which aircraft are required to have 100-hour inspections?
* All aircraft under 12,500 lbs (except turbojet/turboprop multi and turbine rotor) used to carry pax for hire
* Aircraft used for flight instruction for hire, when provided by person giving instruction
| PHAK, 91.409
90
What is the difference between annual and 100-hour inspections?
* Part 43 appendix D contains lists of items to be checked
* A&P has to have an inspection authorization (IA) for annual but not 100-hr
| Part 43
91
If an aircraft has been on a schedule of inspection every 100 hrs, under what condition may it continue to operate beyond the 100 hours without inspection?
The 100-hour may be exceeded by not more than 10 hours while en route to a place where the inspection can be done.
| 91.409
92
If the annual inspection date has passed, can an aircraft be operated in flight to a location where an inspection can be performed?
A Special Flight Permit can be obtained by the FAA for the purpose of flying the aircraft to a location where the annual can be performed. However, all ADs that are due must be complied with before the flight
| PHAK
93
What are special flight permits and when are they necessary?
May be issued for an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight. Typically issued for:
* Flying an aircraft to a base where repairs, alterations or Mx are to be performed or to a point of storage
* delivering or exporting an aircraft
* production testing new-production aircraft
* evacuating aircraft from areas of impending danger
* conducting customer demo flights in new-production aircraft that have satisfactorily completed production flight tests
| 91.213, 21.197
94
How are special flight permits obtained?
Local FSDO or Designated Airworthiness Representative (DAR)
| PHAK
95
After aircraft inspections have been made and defects have been repaired, who is responsible for determining that the aircraft is in an airworthy condition?
PIC
| 91.7
96
What regulations apply concerning operation of an aircraft that has had alterations or repairs that may have substantially affected its operation in flight?
Aircraft can't be operated if it has undergone Mx, preventative Mx, rebuilding, or alteration that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics until an appropriately rated pilot with at least a private cert flies the aircraft, makes an operational check of the Mx performed or alterations made, and logs the flight in the aircraft records.
| 91.407
97
Can a pilot legally conduct flight operations with known inoperative equipment onboard?
Yes, under specific conditions. Acceptable methods for operation with certain inop equipment and instruments that are not essential for flight are:
* Operation of aircraft with an MEL (91.213a)
* Operation of aircraft without MEL (91.213d)
| 91.213
98
During preflight of an aircraft without an MEL, you discover in inoperative instrument. Explain how you would determine if the aircraft is still airworthy.
If yes to any of the following, the aircraft is unairworthy:
* Is the instrument part of the VFR-day type cert?
* Is the instrument listed as required on the aircraft's equipment list or Kinds of Operations Equipment List (KOEL) for the type of flight being conducted?
* Is the instrument required by 91.205, 91.207 or any other rule of part 91 for the specific kind of flight being conducted?
* Is the instrument required by an AD?
| 91.205, 91.207, 91.213, PHAK
99
What are Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL)?
A precise listing of instruments, equipment and procedures that allows an aircraft to be operated under specific conditions with inoperative equipment. It is specific to make, model, and registration number. It includes only items that the FAA deems may be inoperative and still maintain an acceptable level of safety with appropriate conditions and limitations.
| PHAK
100
Define preventative maintenance.
Simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts not involving complex assembly operations. Certified pilots may perform provided the aircraft is not used in air carrier service. Part 43 appendix A(c) identifies allowed preventative Mx ops.
| PHAK, Part 43 appendix
101
What logbook entry information is required of the person performing preventative maintenance?
All pilots who perform preventative Mx must make an entry in the Mx record of the aircraft describing the work, the date of completion, and pilot's name, signature, certificate number, and type cert held.
102
While inspected the engine logbook of your aircraft, you notice the engine has exceeded its time between overhaul (TBO). Is it legal to fly the aircraft?
Yes. TBO is an estimate of the number of hours the engine could perform reliably within the established parameters and still not exceed the service wear limits. TBO times are make and model specific, identified in the manufacturers service bulletin, and not mandatory for part 91 ops.
103
What are good reasons for aircraft owners to comply with TBO times?
* Ensures safety and reliability
* Overhaul at TBO is typically less expensive than 200-300 hrs later
* Running the engine past TBO usually accelerates wear of engine
104
What kind of helicopters can you fly with a private pilot certificate?
Any helicopter up to 12,500 lbs, except for the R-22 and R-44 unless SFAR 73 to part 61 is followed.
| 61.31
105
Can you fly a twin turbine powered helicopter?
Yes, any helicopter up to 12,500 lbs, except the R22 and R44 (unless SFAR 73 is met).
| 61.31
106
If you take your flight review in a Bell 206, can you act as PIC in the R-22?
No. According to SFAR 73 2(c)(1): No flight review completed to satisfy 61.56...shall be valid for the operation of the R-22 helicopter *unless* that flight review was taken in an R-22
107
To act as PIC in the R-22/R-44 how often do you have to take a flight review if you have less than 200 hours?
SFAR 73 2(b)(1) states every 12 calendar months and have obtained an endorsement for that flight review from a certified flight instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5)
The review must include:
a. enhanced training in autorotation procedures,
b. engine rotor RPM control without the use of the governor,
c. Low rotor RPM recognition and recovery, and
d. Effect of low G maneuvers and proper recovery procedures
