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Animal Managment > Farming > Flashcards

Farming Flashcards

1
Q

what type of fermentation is used in different types of herbivores

A

foregut - ruminant
hind-gut - equids / lagomorph
non-fermentation - rodents

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2
Q

what factors make up gross energy

A

faecal energy and digestible energy

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3
Q

what factors make up digestible energy

A

urine
metabolisable
gaseous

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4
Q

what factors make up metabolisable energy

A

net energy

heat increment

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5
Q

what makes up net energy

A 
for production (energy retention for work / milk / meat) 
for maintenance
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6
Q

what factors contribute to the total heat production of an animal

A

the heat increment

maintenance

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7
Q

what percentage dehydration leads to serious consequence an death

A 
10% = serious 
15-20% = death
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8
Q

what are the sources of involuntary water loss

A

respiration

perspiration

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9
Q

what are the 2 sources of water

A

ingestion (food/liquid)

metabolism of water through oxidation process

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10
Q

what is ad libitum

A

open access to water at all times

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11
Q

what are the 2 main classifications of carbohydrates

A 
sugars (monosaccharides / ogliosaccharides) 
non sugars (polysaccharides / complex CHO)
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12
Q

what are some examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
mannose

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13
Q

what 2 monosaccharides are required in milk production

A

glucose

galactose

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14
Q

what are some examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose

lactose

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15
Q

what are some examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose
starch
glycogen

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16
Q

what are the rate limiting amino acids in milk production

A

lysine

methionine

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17
Q

what are essential amino acids

A

ones that cannot be produced by the animals body so must be consumed

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18
Q

how do you calculate the crude protein of a feed

A

6.25 x total nitrogen content

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19
Q

what percentage nitrogen does crude protein contain

A

16%

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20
Q

what is the protein standard for horses

A

digestible crude protein

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21
Q

what is the protein standard for pigs / poultry

A

total ideal protein supply

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22
Q

what is the protein standard for ruminants

A

metabolisable protein supple

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23
Q

what is the metabolisable protein system in a ruminant

A

separated into rumen degradable protein (slow/quick digestion) / un-degradable protein (digested in the small intestine)

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24
Q

what type of protein enters and leaves the rumen in digestion of rumen degradable protein

A

crude protein enters and microbial crude protein leaves and is then digested by the animal

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25
Q

what is produced from non glycerol based lipids

A

prostaglandins

steroids

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26
Q

what structural products are formed from glycerol based lipids

A

glycolipids

phospholipids

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27
Q

what li[ids are required in an animals diet

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids
omega 6
linoleic / leinoleic acid

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28
Q

what is the function of omega 6

A

prostaglandin production

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29
Q

what is the function of polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

maintaining membrane fluidity

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30
Q

why can ruminants not digest high levels of fat

A

it causes damage to the rumen microflora

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31
Q

name two antioxidants

A

vitamin E

selenium

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32
Q

name some fat soluble vitamins

A

retinol (vitamin A)

vitamin E

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33
Q

where is vitamin K produced

A

microbes in the hindgut

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34
Q

name some water soluble vitamins

A

B1 thiamine
B2 riboflavin
vitamin C

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35
Q

what is forage

A

the aerial constituent of a plant fed to livestock (leaves / grass / straw)

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36
Q

when is the maximum production of forage

A

late spring/summer

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37
Q

why is harvest seasonal surplus important

A

for feeding animals in winter

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38
Q

what is conserve

A

drying / pickling forage to store the product for longer

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39
Q

what are the types of pasture

A 
rough grazing (heather etc present) 
permanent pasture (ryegrass)
rotational grass (short term ley crop)
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40
Q

what plants would be present in a sown pasture

A

grasses e.g. ryegrass

legumes e.g. white clover

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41
Q

what is the importance of legumes in a pasture

A

fixing atmospheric nitrogen for the animals consumption / for other plants to grow

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42
Q

what is grass production dependant on

A

pH
climate
irrigation / drainage

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43
Q

what affect does age have on the composition of grass

A

decrease in protein / fat increase in cellulose

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44
Q

what is lignin

A

basically wood - undigestible

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45
Q

what is the metabolisable energy of grass

A

7-13 MJ/kg of dry matter

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46
Q

what is the result of animals eating older grass (lower quality)

A

more fibrous
less energy dense
less palatable
lower production

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47
Q

what are the features of a forage maize crop

A

large amounts of feed can be produced per hectare high starch (therefore high digestible matter) low protein but not frost tolerant

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48
Q

what are the features of a whole crop cereal crop

A

wheat / barley / oats
made into silage
low protein and moderate energy

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49
Q

what are the features of root crops

A

beets / swedes / kale

good for winter feeding particularly up in the north of UK

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50
Q

how is forage conserved

A

drying

ensiling

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51
Q

describe the process of silage

A

fermenting the forage in absence of oxygen - should be left to dry for a day before

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52
Q

what changes occur during silage fermentation

A

water soluble carbohydrates converted to lactic acid lowering the pH killing the bacteria creating a stable long storage product

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53
Q

what are the nutritional targets for grass silage

A

30% dry matter

with a stable pH of around 4.6 and low ammonia nitrogen

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54
Q

what is aerobic spoilage of silage

A

yeast / mould growth making product unpalatable and toxic

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55
Q

what are the downsides of hay production

A

needs 4-5 days of dry weather / artificially dry (expensive)

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56
Q

what can cause nutritional loss to hay

A

enzymes / mold
mechanical damage (leaves broken)
leaching / oxidation

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57
Q

what are the advantages of hay vs silage

A

more palatable
easier to transport
less contamination risk e.g. botulism / clostridia

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58
Q

what his haylage

A

in between hay and silage - higher water than hay but lower content

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59
Q

what is straw and what is it used for

A

stems of wheat / oat

bedding / forage (low nutrition high fibre)

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60
Q

what are concentrates

A

energy dense high protein feed

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61
Q

why is roughage needed in a diet with concentrates

A

to avoid acidosis

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62
Q

what are the types of concentrate

A

straights - one grain type / food industry bi product

mixes - variety e.g. muesli

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63
Q

why are some concentrates processed

A

to increase bioavailability

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64
Q

what are some conditions associated with forage

A

mineral imbalance
metabolic disorders
poisonous plant consumption
nitrate poisoning

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65
Q

describe climatic animal housing

A

houses with no insulation and natural ventilation with temperatures close to ambient

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66
Q

what are the benefits to climatic animal housing

A

least expensive

most versatile

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67
Q

describe controlled environment animal housing

A
  • large
  • well insulated
  • thermostatically controlled mechanical ventilation
  • heavily stocked
68
Q

what are the positives and negatives of controlled environment animal housing

A 
highly automated (less staff needed)
expensive
69
Q

describe micro environment animal housing

A

small modules
naturally ventilated
insulated
temp. regulated by heat from animal stocks

70
Q

what is the thermo-neutral zone

A

the temperature range where external temperature does not effect metabolic rate

71
Q

what is the upper critical temperature

A

the temperature at which if exceeded heat stress occurs e.g. decreasing food intake / holding wings away from body

72
Q

what is the lower critical temperature

A

the temperature at which if dropped below cold stress occurs e.g huddling together

73
Q

which animals have a narrow thermoneutral zone

A

pigs

poultry

74
Q

which animals have a wide thermoneutral zone

A

ruminants

75
Q

how do pigs / poultry maintain homeothermy and where should they be housed because of this

A

adjusting feed intake (metabolisable energy)

housed in controlled environments

76
Q

how do ruminants maintain homeothermy and where should they be housed because of this

A

through insulate qualities of coat / behaviour (no change in food intake)
house in naturally ventilated environments

77
Q

what are the downsides of housing / farming intensification

A

increase in complexity = increase cost of materials / energy / labour / sustainability concerns

78
Q

what factors must increase to offset cost increase of intensification

A

efficiency
number of animals
production
automation

79
Q

what are the potential impacts of poor housing on animals

A

injury

disease spread

80
Q

how does poor housing design / management lead to disease spread

A

poor ventilation = resp. diseases

poor cleaning = infection

81
Q

what are the potential behavioural impacts of poor housing on animals

A

horses - stereotypy

pigs - tailbiting

82
Q

what factors should be considered when designing effective housing

A 
temp / thermodynamics
social grouping 
lighting 
cleanliness
air quality / ventilation 
biosecurity 
insulation
flooring / bedding
83
Q

what are the consequences of low air temperature on energy

A

higher proportion of ME is used to replace heat lost so production efficiency is decreased

84
Q

what percentage of ME is used in tissue growth

A

25%

85
Q

what are the stages of heat stress behaviour

A 
restlessness
lethargic
brief frenzied activity
convulsions 
death
86
Q

what are the clinical signs of heat stress

A 
dyspnoea (cant breathe)
tachycardia
cyanosis
weak pulse
pyrexia (fever)
87
Q

what you expect from a post mortem of an animal which died of heat stress

A

blood stained froth in nostrils

lung oedema

88
Q

how do homeothermic animals maintain temperature homeostasis

A

produce heat - huddling / sheltering / metabolising energy

lose heat - respiration / evaporation / panting / wallowing

89
Q

how do buildings loose heat and how is this controlled

A

convection -air in contact with surfaces
conduction - through floor / roof
radiation - radiant heat from building surfaces
controlled via insulation and ventialtion

90
Q

how is the insulate capacity of a material defined (k)

A

thermal conductivity

thermal transmittance

91
Q

what is the thermal transmittance (U)

A

rate of heat transferred through a material per meter per degree of temperature difference

92
Q

how do you calculate the insulate capacity

A

inverse of thermal transmittance / thermal conductivity

93
Q

how are buildings insulated

A

lining with materials with low thermal conductivity - rockwool / expanded polystyrene / polyurethane foam

94
Q

what are the downsides of using rockwool insulation

A

settles with age
susceptible to vermin
needs waterproof barrier

95
Q

what are the downsides of using expanded polystyrene insulation

A

flammable with toxic fumes
needs waterproof barrier
susceptible to vermin

96
Q

what are the benefits of using polyurethane foam insulation

A

any shape
water resistant
non toxic
rodent proof

97
Q

how do you prevent heat loss through radiation in a building

A

using reflective materials inside

98
Q

how would you prevent heat loss through conduction in a building

A

making it closed environment controlling it through ventilation

99
Q

why is effective ventilation important

A

humidity regulation
temp regualtion
air hygiene - fresh air / aerial pollutant removal

100
Q

describe natural / passive ventilation

A

the stack effect

gap in the top of building that allows rising warm air to be released

101
Q

what is the downside to using passive ventilation

A

under ventilates in summer and vice versa in winter so can only be used in mild climates

102
Q

what are the 2 types of mechanical ventilation

A

negative pressure / postive pressure

103
Q

describe negative pressure ventilation

A

fans on one side expel air creating a partial vacuum which draws fresh outside air into the house through inlets

104
Q

what are the consequences of mis-sized air inlets in a negative pressure ventilation system

A

too big = draft

too small = does not fully ventilate the building

105
Q

what are the advantages of negative pressure ventilation

A

cold air mixes with cold air before reaching animals so they do not have temp shock

106
Q

describe positive pressure ventilation

A

fans push air into building forcing hot animal air out of the building distributing heat / mixes air before reaching the animals

107
Q

why is ventilation an important factor in animal temperature control

A

removes warm air

allows animals to effectively use evaporation (needs air movement)

108
Q

what speed should wind not exceed to reduce the effect of wind chill

A

30cm/second

109
Q

what is the minimum ventilation rate

A

2 m cubed per tonne of food consumed per day (5 whole house air changes per hour)

110
Q

how do you calculate the temperature lift

A

required temperature - outside temperature

111
Q

what happens when the temperature lift figure is large

A

heat produced by animals is not sufficient to keep themselves warm = cold stress

112
Q

what is the relative humidity

A

% saturation of the air with water vapour

113
Q

how do you calculate relative humidity

A

(mass of water vapour x 100) / mass of water vapour when saturated

114
Q

what can be the consequence of high temperatures and high humidity

A

evaporative heat loss impaired so heat stress can be exacerbated

115
Q

what can be the consequence of low temperatures and high humidity

A

increased thermal conductivity of air so increased chill

116
Q

what are the negative effects of high humidity

A 
dermatitis 
corrosion
formation of ammonium hydroxide 
reduce insulation effectiveness
increases survival rate of microorganisms 
forming surface water
117
Q

what are some potential air pollutants

A

noxious gas
dust
microorganisms
allergens

118
Q

what can occur if pollutants are not removed by ventilation

A

sedimentation

inhalation

119
Q

what are some common gaseous pollutants and their consequences

A

ammonia / CO /CO2 / methane (ruminants)

compromises respiratory tract defence systems

120
Q

how is ammonia generated

A

microbial fermentation of excrement and urine

121
Q

what are the ammonia occupational exposure limits

A

livestock max 20ppm

humans 25 ppm for 8 hours

122
Q

what is the effect of ammonia when absorbed into body surfaces

A

hyperplasia of epithelial lining
micro-abscesses
hyper-secretion by goblet cells (increased mucus layer)
impaired ciliary function

123
Q

what produces hydrogen sulphide in a farm setting

A

anaerobic bacteria in slurry. tanks - olfactory perception reduces with exposure

124
Q

what can be the result of exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulphide

A

respiratory paralysis
nose irritation
death

125
Q

what can be the result of exposure to high levels of CO2

A

headaches
nausea
anaesthesia (accumulates in slurry pits as heavier than air)

126
Q

how is methane formed in a farm setting

A

microbial methanogensis from anaerobic respiration in the ruminant gut

127
Q

what can be some sources of dust

A

bedding
feed
dry faeces
microbial flora/spores

128
Q

what activities cause increased aerial dust burden

A

mucking out

129
Q

where are large dust particles deposited in the body

A

upper resp. tract due to impaction (resp. walls due to anatomical branching and the slow moving nature of the particles) - inspirable particles

130
Q

where are small dust particles deposited within the body

A

lower resp tract through sedimentation - respirable particles

131
Q

how do dust / aerial microbes effect particle retention time in the lungs

A

allows particles to be retained in the lungs as the microbial endotoxins compromise mucociliary clearance / alveolar macrophage activity

132
Q

what is the minimum lighting in a pig house

A

40 lux

133
Q

which animals prefer high /low lighting

A 
cow = bright so milking areas should be well lit to encourage entrance 
pig = dim - may avoid light areas
134
Q

what can be the result of high light intensity

A

aversive to eyes

135
Q

what can be the result of low light intensity

A

animals are unable to perform normal behaviour e.g. finding food / social interaction

136
Q

what kind of light should be provided for prey species

A

darker sheltered areas to make them feel safe or for feeding

137
Q

how does day length affect the reproductive system (photoperiodicity)

A

affects the melatonin production with modulates the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis

138
Q

which animals reproductive behaviour is simulated by an increase in day length

A

horses
cows
pigs
birds

139
Q

which animals reproductive behaviour is simulated by an decrease in day length

A

sheep

deer

140
Q

how does light intensity effect photoperiodicity

A

need 200+ Lux for mammals reproductive behaviour but only 10+ Lux for birds

141
Q

why would manipulating the photoperiod be useful

A

improving milk production volumes / allowing young to be born on a timeline convenient to the farmer

142
Q

what is the dark period and why is it important

A

sleep time - inhibits melatonin production / disruption of resting behaviour causing stress

143
Q

what are the 2 types of light receptors

A

rods - most sensitive and to yellow

cones - less sensitive with specific pigments so they can only see a restricted spectrum of light

144
Q

what part of the light spectrum are cows / pigs most sensitive to

A

blue as they are dichromatic - blue and green

145
Q

what are the implications of differing light frequency recognition for animals vs humans

A

animals may not be able to distinguish items - exacerbated under artificial light as they are designed for human eyes

146
Q

how would non-UV emitting artificial lighting negatively affect livestock

A

birds dependant on UV. for recognition / mate selection / sexual behaviour = increased stress (corticosterone)
impaired vitamin D / melanin synthesis (mainly affects birds and reptiles)

147
Q

what are the effects of exposure to flickering light

A

headaches
neurological disorder
visual effects

148
Q

what is the flicker fusion threshold

A

frequency at which an intermittent (flickering) light appears constant - animals may be higher so flicker may be visible

149
Q

what features should animal housing flooring have

A 
non-slip
comfortable
hygienic
free draining 
abrasive (to cause footwear) but not injuring
150
Q

why is there a need for cubicles for ambulatory (grazing) species when they are not in a straw yard

A

they defaecate then walk on with no specific toilet area so this prevents them from doing this in their sleeping areas

151
Q

what is the most common type of agricultural flooring

A

solid / slatted concrete

152
Q

what are the advantages of concrete flooring

A 
variable abrasiveness
can be moulded
durable
inexpensive
water impermeable
strong under compression
153
Q

what are the disadvantages of concrete flooring

A

poor physical comfort
slippery when worn
difficult to sterilise
can be very abrasive

154
Q

what are the potential injuries associated with concrete flooring

A

bruising to sole of the foot
hygroma / bursitis (fluid buildup) from lying on hard floor
traumatic / chronic abrasions

155
Q

what are the benefits of slatted concrete floors

A

separates excrement bulk from stock / reduces heat loss via conduction / provide adequate footwear

156
Q

what are the disadvantages of using slatted concrete floors

A

slot size is critical to avoiding injury
no slot size suits all stocks
cannot clean
incompatible with bedding
higher stocking density required / poor physical comfort

157
Q

what other kind of slats are used in animal housing and for which animals

A

metal - cows
weld mesh - pigs /poultry
plastic - pigs (but doesnt wear down feet)
wooden - poultry (but hard clean)

158
Q

what physical features should you look for in an effective bedding

A

physical and thermal comfort
absorbent
hygienic
manipulative (for nesting / foraging / play)

159
Q

what are the main types of bedding

A

straw
rubber
sand
wood shavings

160
Q

describe straw bedding and its advantages / disadvantages

A

barley (will eat) / wheat
cheap if locally produced
but dusty if poorly made
high absorbency

161
Q

how much straw is required for different animals per year

A

horse 3 tons
dairy cow 4 tons
beef cow 2tones

162
Q

describe use of wood shavings as bedding

A

for horses / poultry
more expensive
high absorbency

163
Q

describe the use of sand as a bedding material

A

dairy cow cubicles and laid over a porous substrate so that waste drains through

164
Q

what are some disadvantages of sand bedding

A

have to maintain depth
difficult to dispose of
causes wear to slurry handling equipment

165
Q

what are some advantage of sand bedding

A

long lasting
cool in summer
non-abrasive
inert (no fungal spores)

166
Q

describe the use of hemp fibre as bedding

A

horses and small animals
very very absorbent
very expensive
no fungal spores

167
Q

describe the use of rubber bedding material

A

good physical / thermal comfort
non slip
but no absorbency so other bedding has to be used

Animal Managment (2 decks)

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