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BVetMed 3 Neurology > Farm Animal Ophthamology > Flashcards

Farm Animal Ophthamology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the clinical signs of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis aka Pink Eye? (4)

A

Photophobia, Blepharospasm (tight closure of eyelid), Corneal Oedema, Corneal Ulceration

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2
Q

What causes Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Moraxella bovis but can also involve Mycoplasma spp.

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3
Q

How do we treat New Forest eye (aka Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis)?

A

Topical Cloxacillin or Oxytetracycline (cascade)
Systemic administration of Oxytetracycline or Florphenicol

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4
Q

What is the prognosis of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Most self resolve (resolve faster with treatment)- some cases can leave scarring on the eye which reduces vision

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5
Q

How do we prevent Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Fly control e.g. use of a fly tag (reduces transmission of Moraxella Bovis)

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis? (5)

A

Conjunctivitis, Ocular and nasal discharge, reddened nasal mucosa (red nose), pneumonia, abortion

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7
Q

What causes Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

A

BHV-1

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8
Q

How do we prevent IBR?

A

Vaccination- can be live or dead, intranasal or intramuscular

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9
Q

What causes Malignant Catarrhal Fever?

A

Ovine Herpes Virus (OHV2)- transmitted from sheep

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10
Q

Clinical signs of Malignant Catarrhal Fever include… (4)

A

Anorexia, Diarrhoea, Respiratory signs, Ocular changes

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11
Q

How would we diagnose MCF?

A

PCR of blood sample OR Post Mortem

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12
Q

What can cause a squamous cell carcinoma in farm animals?

A

UV Light (especially in Australia/ NZ)
Colouring- white faced cattle more prone
Age- older animals more susceptible

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13
Q

How are squamous cell carcinomas treated?

A

Third eyelid amputation- in early stages
Exenteration- removal of ALL tissue including the eye
Cull- most choose this

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14
Q

What are the clinical signs of Silage eye?

A

‘Milky eye’, photophobia, corneal oedema

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15
Q

What causes Silage eye?

A

Listeria Monocytogenes (found in badly ensiled silage)

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16
Q

How is silage eye treatment?

A

Systemic Oxytetracycline (some also recommend subconjunctival dexmethasone)

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17
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (OIKC)?

A

Inflamed Conjunctivae with milky eye

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18
Q

What causes Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis (OIKC)?

A

Mycoplasma conjunctivae
can also involve Chlamydia Bramhamella
Close contact between sheep

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19
Q

How is Ovine Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis treated?

A

Systemic Oxytetracycline (NOT TOPICAL)

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20
Q

What four methods are used to treat Entropion in farm animals?
Mention which is most > least effective.

HINT - eyelid turning in

A

Pinching of eyelid skin (3)
Excision of eyelid skin (1)
Michel Clip (4)
Antibiotic injection into eyelid (2)

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21
Q

Briefly describe the process of injecting the eyelid with antibiotics to treat entropion.

A

Slide needle in a rostral or caudal direction- aim to have the needle between the palpebral conjunctiva and the rest of the eyelid
Inject procaine penicillin until the eyelid is distended and the free edge turned out

22
Q

How do we treat entropion surgically?
Briefly describe the process.

A
  1. Auriculopalpebral block
  2. Can use forceps held parallel to the lid margin to determine how much eyelid needs to be removed
  3. Excise an ellipse of skin and suture closed using dissolvable sutures
23
Q

What is Tarsorrhaphy?

A

joining eyelids together using sutures to close the eye

24
Q

When is Tarsorrhaphy indicated?

A

deep corneal ulcers

25
Q

Briefly describe the process of Tarsorrhaphy.

A

Use auriculopalpebral block as anaesthetic- clean eyelids with povidone iodine then flush with saline, close the eyelids with sutures (ensure eyelashes are on the outside to prevent entropion) and remove after 2-4 weeks

26
Q

What other method can we use to close an eyelid other than Tarsorrhaphy?
What anaesthesia do we use for this?

A

Third eyelid flap- suture is placed through the third eyelid and lateral canthus to close the eye
Topical local anaesthesia is used

27
Q

When is a third eyelid amputation indicated in livestock?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

28
Q

When is enucleation indicated in livestock? (3)

A

Ruptured globe, glaucoma, tumours of the eye

29
Q

How does anaesthesia differ in third eyelid amputation compared to enucleation surgery in farm animals?

A

3rd Eyelid Amputation- topical anaesthesia
Enucleation- 4 point block or Petersons block

30
Q

Lesions in the spinal cord will cause reflexes below the lesion to be…..
Why?

A

exaggerated as it removes descending inhibition
(think spastic paralysis)

31
Q

Lesions in the neuronal cell bodies or at the peripheral nerve will give what signs?

A

Damage to the peripheral nerve will give similar signs of the flaccid paralysis and reduced or absent reflexes

32
Q

What’s the best way to test proprioception in farm animals?

A

Paper slide test- place paper under foot and drag it along the floor to see if they pull it back

33
Q

A lesion at what point of the spinal cord could theoretically cause Horner’s?

A

C6-T2- abolishes the origin of the sympathetic supply to the head

34
Q

Where in the spinal cord will a lesion be in an animal with Schiff Sherrington?

A

T3-L3

35
Q

What would you expect to see in an animal with an S2 lesion?

A

Cauda equina syndrome- decreased tail tone, disrupted perineal reflex, passive bladder distension

36
Q

Sciatic nerve damage presents as what?

A

Decreased withdrawal reflex with an intact or exaggerated patellar reflex

37
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bacterial Meningoencephalitis?

A

dullness, odd vocalisations, gait change, head pressing, convulsions, death
[may also see other signs consistent with septicaemia such as pyrexia, hypothermia]

38
Q

Which group of animals is bacterial meningoencephalitis most commonly seen as?

A

Neonates- usually due to failure of passive transfer

39
Q

What is bacterial meningoencephalitis caused by?

A

E.coli or Streptococci in calves
Streptococcus Suis in Pigs

40
Q

How is bacterial meningoencephalitis treated?

A

Antibiotics (bacteria specific), Anti- inflammatories, supportive care

41
Q

How do cows get lead poisoning?

A

Paint, discarded car batteries

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of lead poisoning?

A

blindness, dullness or aggression, staggering gait, colic, constipation, death

43
Q

How do we treat lead poisoning?

A

IV Sodium Calcium edetate- precipitates lead and causes excretion of it
Can also give MgSO4 (epsom salts) which will cause formation of insoluble lead sulphate

44
Q

What do we need to consider in livestock that have previously suffered from lead poisoning?

A

That lead levels are safe for human consumption before they go to slaughter

45
Q

Which animals are most at risk of CCN (Cerebrocortical Necrosis)?

A

young animals- 6-12 week old lambs mainly

46
Q

What causes Cerebrocortical Necrosis?

A

caused by shift in ruminal flora from thiaminogenic to thiaminolytic which can be caused by too much concentrate, lush pasture or recent worming

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of Cerebrocortical Necrosis?

A

Blindness, isolate from group, ‘Star gaze’, dark green scour
Progresses to seizures (24 hours) & death (2-3 days)

48
Q

What is the mechanism of illness of Cerebrocortical Necrosis?

A

Decrease in ruminal pH > increase in thiaminase producing bacteria > less thiamine available effects the Krebs cycle > causes swelling and flattening of the cerebral gyri

49
Q

How can we recognise Cerebrocortical Necrosis post mortem?

A

the gyri of the brain appear pale and swollen and also fluoresce under UV light

50
Q

How do we treat Cerebrocortical Necrosis?
For what reason would this treatment not work?

A

Thiamine I/V BUT if Cerebrocortical Necrosis is caused by sulphur poisoning then it won’t respond to treatment

BVetMed 3 Neurology (20 decks)

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