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Ophthalmology > Farm animal ophthalmology > Flashcards

Farm animal ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

When do you get transplacental infection of bovine foetus?

A

125-175d gestation (numerous congenital defects possible)

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2
Q

Possible in utero effects - IBR

A
  • retinal atrophy
  • optic neuritis
  • cataract
  • micropthalmia with retinal dysplasia
  • these often –> blindness
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3
Q

Other than ocular lesions, how does IBR affect bovine feoetus?

A
  • URT –> red nose and eyes
  • eye lesions: conjunctivitis (hyperaemia + oedema), diffuse corneal oedema possible t
  • usually presents with bilateral serous ocular discharge
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4
Q

Tx - IBR

A

symptomatic

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5
Q

Prevention - IBR

A
  • vaccination

- biosecurity

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6
Q

What is OVH2? Transmission?

A

Ovine herpesvirus 2

- transmitted sheep to cattle

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7
Q

CS - OBH2 in cattle

A
  • GI signs: anorexia and diarrhoea
  • agalactia
  • pyrexia (41-41.5)
  • RT signs: mucopurulent ND, severe dyspnoea with stertor d/t obstruction of nasal cavities with exudates
  • enlarged LNs
  • ocular signs (common, corneal opacity, unilateral then bilateral, hypopyon may develop (often die first)
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8
Q

Define hypopyon

A

= leukocytic exudate in AC, usually accompanied by red conjunctiva and underlying episclera. a form of anterior uveitis

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9
Q

Dx - OVH2

A

viral DNA by PCR

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10
Q

Tx - OVH2

A

frequently PTS

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11
Q

Colloquial names - Moraxella bovis

A

= New Forrest eye, Pink eye

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12
Q

What type of bacteria is Moraxella bovis?

A
  • gram negative

- aerobic

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13
Q

Where is Moraxella bovis found?

A

in eyes of many recovered and apparently normal cattle

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14
Q

Outline disease - Moraxella bovis

A
  • mutifactorial
  • cattle are carriers
  • Fomites: flies, dust, long grass (thus common in summer/ early autumn)
  • tends to be unilateral
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15
Q

CS - Moraxella bovis in cattle

A
  • tearing and photophobia
  • conjunctival hyperaemia and chemosis
  • corneal changes may follow (oedema, ulcer, abscess, hypopyon)
  • vision loss may develop within 3 d
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16
Q

Tx - Moraxella bovis

A
  • early (to resolve problem and prevent spread)
  • cloxacillin
  • TC
  • bulbar conjunctival injection
  • no topical steroid (corneal ulcer risk)
  • OTHER: isolate infected animals, fly control
17
Q

What type of bacteria is Listeria monocytogenes and where is it found?

A
  • gram positive
  • microaerophilic
  • in poorly fermented alkaline silage
18
Q

CS - Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • Encephalitis and abortion
  • CN deficits
  • OCULAR: strabismus and nystagmus
  • ‘silage eye/ red eye’ (originates directly from silage, innoculation when animal eats and head goes into silage)
19
Q

Dx - Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • CS

- Time of year

20
Q

Tx - Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • Antibiosis : chlortetracycline or penicillin, in early stages (IM, subconjunctivally)
  • NSAIDs to reduce inflammation
21
Q

What neoplasia can affect bovine eye?

A

SCC (malignant)

22
Q

Outline SCC in bovine eyes

A
  • animals > 5 yo usually

- low pigment is a predisposing factor (common with white heads = Hereford, associated with actinic radiation = sun)

23
Q

Lesions stages - SCC

A
  • plaque (hyperplastic epithelium)
  • papilloma (non-malignant, high regression rate)
  • SCC in situ (non-invasive)
  • invasive SCC (past the epithelium’s lamina propria)
24
Q

Name 3 possible ocular locations for bovine SCC

A
  • sclera
  • nictitating membrane (TE)
  • eyelid
25
Q

Outline SCC metastases

A
  • it is an invasive tumour

- draining lymphatics can take it to cervical LNs

26
Q

Tx - SCC

A
  • excision usually with enucleation
  • bone invasion complicates tx as doesn’t allow removal
  • act early d/t welfare and financial implications
  • cannot travel to market/ slaughter with ulcerative skin lesion
27
Q

Name 3 nutritional problems in cows that affect eyes

A
  • hypovitaminosis A
  • lead poisoning
  • cerebro-cortical necrosis (CCN)
28
Q

How does hypovitaminosis affect the eye?

A

–> complete blindness

29
Q

How does lead poisoning affect the eye?

A
  • no menace and mydriasis

- can be followed by blindness

30
Q

How does CCN affect bovine eye?

A

blindness

31
Q

What is another name for infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep?

A

pink eye (caused by Mycoplasma spp)

32
Q

Outline infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep

A
  • often seen in winter when in close proximity indoors
  • spread via fomites such as feed troughs
  • can be complicated by secondary infection with Chlamydia
33
Q

Tx - infectious keratoconjunctivitis in sheep

A
  • OTC IM

- NSAID

34
Q

Can Listeria monocytogenes affect sheep?

A

Yes just like cattle causes ‘silage eye’

  • originates from silage
  • inoculation when animal eats and head goes into silage
35
Q

Outline nutritional ocular disease in sheep

A
  • SAME AS CATTLE:*
  • hypovitaminosis A - complete blindness
  • lead poisoning - no menace, mydriasis, can be followed by blindness
  • cerebro-cortical necrosis (CCN) - blindness
36
Q

Can ‘twin lamb disease’ of pregnant ewes affect the eyes?

A

Yes - can lead to blindness in terminal stages

Ophthalmology (14 decks)

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