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Y4 FA - Miscellaneous > Farm Animal cardiac disease > Flashcards

Farm Animal cardiac disease Flashcards

1
Q

How is the history used to assess the bovine cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Presenting sign
  2. Stage of production
  3. Past disease
    - Pneumonia
    - Rumenitis - acidosis
  4. Management
    - Mixing
    - Worming
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2
Q

How can cattle be subjectively examined for signs of cardiac disease

A
  • Examine undisturbed
  • Condition score
  • Visible oedema: inter-mandibular, brisket
  • Posture – E.g. in traumatic pericarditis they will stand with the elbows adducted to open the chest wall
  • Respiratory effort – noticeable, visible effort
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3
Q

List the non-cardiac signs of cardiac disease

A
  1. Reduced production
  2. Exercise intolerance – last into milking (at the back but not lame). Oestrus activity monitors.
  3. Increased urine output
  4. Syncope – falling down, collapsing, looking frail
  5. Poor appetite when failing
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4
Q

How is skin tone used to examine for cardiac disease and its stages?

A

4-6% loss = Normal (PCV 40%)
6-8% = Tenting 2-4 secs (PCV 50%) dry nose, mouth.
8-10% = Tenting 6-10 secs (PCV 55%) cold extremities, ± recumbent.
10-12% = Tenting 20+ secs (PCV 60+%) comatose, shock.
12+% = Death

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5
Q

Regional temperatures act as an indicator for?

A

Perfusion - ears are best

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6
Q

How are mucous membranes used to examine for cardiac disease and its stages?

A
  • Mouth, Conjunctiva, Vulva
  • Refill time, dry, cold, distension of veins in right-sided failure
  • Colour
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7
Q

What are the 2 major causes of pale mucous membranes?

A
  • Anaemia
  • Poor perfusion
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8
Q

What are the causes of anaemia in cattle?

A
  1. Deficiencies - Iron, copper, cobalt
  2. Toxicities - Kale, nitrate/nitrite, molybdenum
  3. Blood / Protein loss
    - Haemonchosis
    - Fascioliasis
    - Johnes
    - Sucking lice
    - PGE
    - Red water
    - Acute leptospirosis
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9
Q

What are the 3 causes of poor perfusion in cattle?

A

Shock (Right Displaced Abomasum)
Heart Failure
Thrombosis

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10
Q

List the causes of red mucous membranes in cattle

A
  1. Toxaemia
  2. Salmonellosis – reportable. Farmer should take a sample and test it.
  3. Pasturellosis
  4. Malignant Catarrhal Fever – associated with co-grazing with sheep
  5. Infectious Bovine Kerato-conjunctivitis
  6. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
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11
Q

List the causes of cyanotic mucous membranes in cattle?

A

Respiratory Failure
Nitrate/Nitrite, Metaldehyde poisoning
Congenital cardiac abnormality - Calves

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12
Q

List the causes of jaundice mucous membranes in cattle?

A
  1. Hepatitis
  2. Haemolytic Anaemia (Babesia – Red Water)
  3. Photosensitisation
  4. Ragwort, Kale, Lupin, Copper poisoning
  5. Post-partum haemoglobinuria
  6. Leptospirosis
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13
Q

List the causes of haemorrhagic mucous membranes in cattle?

A

Anthrax
Bracken
Sweet vernal grass poisoning
Copper toxicity (acute)
Leptospirosis
Mycotoxicosis

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14
Q

Where can the pulse be felt in cattle?

A

Middle Coccygeal - 10cm below anus
External maxillary
Medial, inside forelimb - arterial sample
Caudal auricular

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15
Q

What is the normal pulse of cattle and calves

A

Calves 100 - 120
Cattle 50 – 80, High yielders up to 95 (120+ suggestive of primary cardiac disease)

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16
Q

An increased amplitude of the pulse indicates?

A

Aortic valve incompetence

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17
Q

A decreased amplitude of the pulse indicates?

A

Myocardial weakness
Toxaemia
Shock

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18
Q

When does distention of the jugular and subcutaneous abdominal (milk) veins occur?

A

In right sided heart failure

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19
Q

Describe the normal and abnormal jugular pulse

A

Normal up to 1/3rd way up
All the way up in:
- Endocarditis, Pericarditis, haemothorax, hydrothorax, congestive heart failure, valvular stenosis or insufficiency
- Sporadic bovine leukosis - Thymic form
- Enzootic bovine leukosis - Cardiac form

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20
Q

Describe the normal anatomy of the heart and where each structure is auscultated

A
  • Base = 3rd to 6th rib
  • Apex = 6th rib at articulation of rib to sternum, 2 cm cranial to diaphragm
  • Left contact = 3rd rib to 4th intercostal space
  • Right contact = ventral part of 4th rib
  • Pulmonary valve = 3rd intercostal space
  • Aortic valve = 4th rib 12cm above sternum
  • Left A-V valve = 4th intercostal space.
  • Right A-V valve = 4th rib right hand side 10 cm above sternum.
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21
Q

What causes the ‘lub’ heart sound?

A

Ventricular contraction and A-V valve closure - systolic

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22
Q

What causes the ‘dup’ heart sound?

A

Closure of aortic/pulmonary valves - diastolic

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23
Q

What causes the 3rd heart sound?

A

Atrial contraction

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24
Q

How does an increase in heart contraction affect the heart sound?

A

Lub sound is louder

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25
Q

How does an increase in the pressure of the heart vessel affect the heart sound?

A

Dup sound is louder

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26
Q

Atrial fibrillation occurs secondary to?

A

GIT or electrolyte disturbances

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27
Q

What are the 2 causes of valvular murmurs?

A

Endocarditis
Congenital

28
Q

How stenosis affect the heart sounds?

A

Become rough and harsh

29
Q

How regurgitation affect the heart sounds?

A

Softer, purr

30
Q

How does a pre-systolic valvular murmur present?

A

(brr-lub-dup) – vibration sound before heart sounds

31
Q

How does a systolic valvular murmur present?

A

(lub-brr-dup) – vibration in the middle of the heart sounds

32
Q

How does a diastolic valvular murmur present?

A

(lub-dup-brr) – vibration at the end of the heart sounds

33
Q

Where is endocarditis seen in the heart?

A

Right or occ. left A-V valve

34
Q

What is the cause of endocarditis?

A

Needs persistent bacteraemia to occur e.g. after traumatic reticulitis, nephritis, metritis, mastitis

35
Q

How will cattle with endocarditis present?

A

Get persistent fever, pain on pinch test, HR 100+, shifting polyarthritis etc due to emboli. Pulsation of mammary veins

36
Q

Describe the haematology results in a cow with endocarditis

A

Need 20+ml blood during pyrexia for culture
Neutrophilia with left shift, increased fibrinogen (any serosal inflammation).

37
Q

Name 5 congenital abnormalities of the heart seen in calves

A

Ventricular septal defects
Patent ductus arteriosus
Patent foramen ovale
Tetralogy of Fallot
Aortic stenosis

38
Q

Describe the main features of ventricular septal defects in calves

A

Often just ventral to aorta - systolic murmur, range from no effect to stunted growth to sudden death, no cyanosis - commonest

39
Q

Describe the main features of a patent ductus arteriosus in calves

A

Normally closes on 1st day def. by day 5 - machinery murmur as blood passes from aorta to pulmonary artery, exercise intolerance and weakness, no cyanosis -relatively common

40
Q

Describe the main features of a patent foramen ovale in calves

A

Normally 7 to 10 days to close, blood left to right, no cyanosis unless significant right ventricular hypertrophy (relatively common)

41
Q

Name the 4 features of a tetralogy of fallot

A

Ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis
Dextroposed aorta
Secondary ventricular hypertrophy

42
Q

Describe the main features of aortic stenosis in calves

A

Persistent right aortic arch - milk regurgitation, very uncommon

43
Q

List the causes of myocardial weakness

A
  1. Septicaemia & Infection: Clostridium chauvoei (Blackleg), EBL - cardiac form, Foot and Mouth, Tetanus
  2. Nutritional deficiency: Copper, Selenium, Vitamin E
  3. Poisoning: Arsenic, Cotton seed, Phosphorus, Selenium
  4. Congenital: Poll Herefords in Australia, simple recessive
44
Q

List 4 extracardiac conditions that can interfere with blood flow and turbulence

A

Vagal indigestion
Diaphragmatic hernia
Ruminal tympany
Oesophageal obstruction

45
Q

Which 2 organisms (additional to those that cause endocarditis) also cause pericarditis

A

Haemophilus somnus
Mycobacterium Bovis

46
Q

What are the tests for pericarditis?

A

Grunt or Eric Williams Test, bar (xiphisternum) test, withers pinch
- Determine pain

47
Q

What is the presentation of a cow with pericarditis?

A

Shallow abdominal breathing, abducted elbows when standing

48
Q

What is the consequence of fibrinous pericarditis?

A

Can lead to adhesions of pericardium to epicardium with foci of pus

49
Q

Dilated cardiomyopathy is seen in which cattle?

A

Well–grown 2-3 year-old Holstein cattle.
Progeny of certain bulls suggesting genetic component.

50
Q

Describe the presentation/signs of dilated cardiomyopathy in cattle

A

Peripheral oedema, jugular distension,
Fluid accumulations in the body cavities.
Enlargement of the heart with a rounded “globose” shape.

51
Q

Describe the macroscopic/histological features of dilated cardiomyopathy

A
  • Both ventricle chambers are distinctively dilated.
  • Hypertrophy and vacuolation of cardiac muscle fibers with interstitial fibrosis are observed. Hematoxylin and eosin
52
Q

What is caudal vena cava thrombosis?

A

Thrombosis between liver and right atrium

53
Q

Caudal vena cava thrombosis occurs secondary to …?

A

Liver abscesses

54
Q

Which cattle present with caudal vena cava thrombosis?

A

1-3yo
Acidosis
Rumenitis

55
Q

How does peracute caudal vena cava thrombosis present?

A

Dead in a pool of blood from the nose

56
Q

How does acute caudal vena cava thrombosis present?

A

Respiratory distress, pain and pyrexia

57
Q

Describe the effects of caudal vena cava thrombosis on the respiratory system

A
  1. Cardiac failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary disease leading to cor pulmonal (right sided hypertrophy).
  2. Pulmonary oedema in acute cardiac failure - less in chronic due to compensatory increase in lymphatic drainage.
  3. Nasal discharge - Oedema - white and frothy,
  4. Bilateral epistaxis - in pulmonary embolism.
  5. Tachypnoea, cough – no pyrexia unless secondary infection
58
Q

Describe the effects of caudal vena cava thrombosis on the abdomen

A
  1. Bilateral ventral distension due to ascites
  2. Liver enlargement - palpate right-side behind ribs.
  3. G-I disease common cause of cardiac arrhythmias due to vagal stimulation by abdominal distension, acid-base and electrolyte imbalance and sympathetic tone increases due to pain.
  4. Traumatic reticulitis – pericarditis
59
Q

How is caudal vena cava thrombosis treated?

A
  1. Frusemide – Dimazon (Lasix) i.v. - Udder oedema
  2. Antibiotics
    - Want high plasma conc e.g. amoxicillin
    - Long duration: Persistent or repeated

Tend to die - Fallen stock

60
Q

Why is cardiac muscle more likely to undergo degenerative changes?

A

Because of its continuous activity

61
Q

Describe the cardiac degenerative changes in farm animals

A

Fatty change: reversible
Atrophy: common in ruminants
Mineralization: organomercurial poisoning in cattle
Xanthosis: abnormal brown pigmentation of myocardium, especially in Ayrshire cattle

62
Q

What are the causes of myocardial necrosis?

A
  1. High mortality Foot-and-Mouth Disease in neonates
  2. Histophilus somni infection causing myocardial infarction and sudden death
  3. Clostridial infections, except blackleg
  4. Vitamin E and selenium-responsive syndrome
  5. Saccharated iron toxicity in piglets
  6. Porcine stress syndrome
63
Q

What is vitamin E and selenium responsive syndrome?

A

A nutritional myopathy found in calves, lambs and pigs - also known as:
- Nutritional muscular dystrophy
- White muscle disease
- Stiff lamb disease
- Mulberry heart disease in growing weaned pigs

64
Q

Name the two syndromes in cattle caused by myocardial degeneration and necrosis?

A

Abortion and perinatal mortality
Sudden death in neonatal calves

65
Q

What are the predisposing factors of Abortion and perinatal mortality in cattle?

A

Low bioavailability of Se or Vit E in ration of dam including in forages and pasture from seven months gestation onwards; antagonism to absorption occurs with excess Cu relative to Se in dam’s ration

66
Q

Describe Vitamin E / Selenium supplementation in cattle

A
  • Treatment or neonate or prevention given to the day in late pregnancy (ewes)
  • Vitesel injection i/m (Norbrook)
  • Included in several worming drenches
  • Oral multi mineral boluses
  • Check diet supplementation with nutritionalist / feed mill

Y4 FA - Miscellaneous (9 decks)

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