Disease of the ruminant urinary system Flashcards
Describe the features of urinalysis
- Colour
- Pus, blood?
- Haemoglobinuria
- USG
- pH
- Protein
- Glucose
List the clinical signs of urinary disease
- Abdominal pain
- Dysuria
- Haematuria
- Polyuria
- Anuria
- Oliguria
- Proteinuria
Haematuria can be seen in which conditions?
- Pyelonephritis (+ pus)
- Cystitis
- Urolithiasis
- Enzootic haematuria
- Acute bracken poisoning
- Toxic nephrosis (Acorn)
- Glomerulonephritis, renal infarction etc
Haemoglobinuria can be seen in which conditions?
- Babesiosis (redwater)
- Post-parturient haemoglobinuria
- Bacilliary haemoglobinuria
Define hypospadia
Failure of closure of the male urethra
- urine scale and hair loss seen on the HLs
- fatten to finish or euthanasia?
Urine seen from the urachus is known as?
Patent urachus
What is the causative agent of pyelonephritis?
Corynebacterium renale
List the clinical signs of pyelonephritis
- Chronic weight loss
+/- pyrexia - Dysuria
- Blood & pus in urine (pus on vulval hairs)
How is pyelonephritis treated?
- Long course of ABs: oxytet or penicillins
- E.coli less sensitive: Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
1/3 get better
1/3 reoccur
1/3 never get better
How does cystitis present differently to pyelonephritis?
Straining is more pronounced
Overall similar signs
Same Tx
List the clinical signs of amyloidosis
- Off food & ill
- Profuse diarrhoea (DDX Johne’s disease)
- Generalised subcutaneous Oedema
- Polydipsia/polyuria
- Proteinuria
- Low plasma albumin
- Pale swollen kidneys
Describe the features of enzootic haematuria
- Haemangiomata in bladder
- Older cows
- Blood clots in urine
- Tumours in guts: squamous cell carcinoma
Describe the acute pathogenesis and CS of bracken poisoning
- Bone marrow toxicity
- Pancytopenia & thrombocytopaenia
- Petechiae in mouth, conjunctiva, vulva etc
- Subcutaneous bruising
- Blood clots: nose, faeces
- Pyrexia & depression
- Diarrhoea (bloody)
- Haematuria
- Death
What is enzootic haematuria associated with?
Long term ingestion of bracken
What is the cause of toxic nephrosis?
Oak/acorn poisoning
- on pastures 3-5d post autumn storm
What are the clinical signs of toxic nephrosis?
- Sudden death
- Anorexia, depression
- Bloat due to ruminal stasis
- Constipation and straining
- Death in 4-7d despite Tx
Name the causative agent of bacillary haemoglobinuria
Clostridium haemolyticum
Describe the aetiology of post-parturient haemoglobinuria
Low phosphorous diet e.g. Lush spring grass and sugar beet pulp
What are the clinical signs of post-parturient haemoglobinuria?
- Sudden onset
- Haemoglobinuria, pallor, jaundice etc
- Collapse, dyspnoea & death
- Guarded prognosis
How is post-parturient haemoglobinuria treated?
- Phosphorus
- Blood transfusion
Redwater is the term for which condition?
Babesiosis
Which spp of babesia affects cattle?
Babesia divergens
Name the main host ticks of Babesia
Ixodes ricinus
Clinical signs of babesia are seen in which animals in a herd?
Older non-immune
List the clinical signs of babesia
- Pyrexia
- Anaemia
- Haemoglobinuria - ‘port red wine’, no clots
- Diarrhoea
What are the later clinical signs of Babesia?
Constipated
Temperature falls
Anaemic / jaundice
How is babesia diagnosed?
- Blood smear
– capillary blood from ear
- Thin smear – look at edges
- Parasites in RBC
- Evidence of anaemia. - ELISA – to assess herd exposure.
Name the Babesia treatment
Imizol - Imidocarb
What is the issue with treating with Imizol?
213 days meat, 21 day milk withhold!
Longest meat withholds of any authorised product – don’t treat unless diagnosed!
And inform DVM – tissue, milk residues.
Urolithiasis is seen in which farm animal most commonly?
2-4mo Ram lambs
What are the risk factors for urolithiasis?
- Ca:P imbalance in diet
- High concentrate diet
- Water deprivation
- Interactions e.g. forage quality and concentrate intake
- History of diet change in mature animals
What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis?
- Restlessness
- Abdo pain and straining
- Dysuria or anuria
- Preputial crystals/sand
How do you know if the bladder has ruptured?
Initially brighter!
- High urea & creatinine in plasma/abdominal fluid
What are the methods of diagnosis for urolithiasis?
- Abdominal palpation: distended bladder
- Examination of penis
- US
- Abdominocentesis
- Bloods
Name the drugs (and their mechanisms) used to treat urolithiasis
Buscopan or Xylazine – relax the smooth muscle and allow the animal to urinate – often not successful – can cause a reactive hypoglycaemia so the animal will urinate more
