Farm Animal

Question 1

What does tritrichomonas foetus cause in cows?

Answer 1

Abortion

Transferred to cats

Question 2

What are the four factors involved with diarrhoea in farm animals?

Answer 2

Pathogens

Calf factors (immune system, stress)

Environment

Management

Question 3

Why should we not always think of pathogens when judging diarrhoea in farm animals?

Answer 3

Lots of other causes - mainly dietary

Question 4

What are some pathogens that cause calf diarrhoea?

Answer 4

E. coli

Rotavirus

Coronavirus

Cryptosporidium

Salmonella

Mixed infections

Coccidiosis

Question 5

What bacteria is a normal inhabitant of the colon in all animals?

Answer 5

Escherichia coli

Question 6

What three types of disease can E. coli cause?

Answer 6

Extraintestinal infection (colisepticaemia)

Enteric disease (special strains: ETEC)

Disease affecting public health (rare, special strains: STEC)

Question 7

What can enterotoxigenic E. coli cause in calves?

Answer 7

Watery diarrhoea

Scours

Question 8

When can E. coli cause disease in calves?

Answer 8

First 5 days

Coupled with management problems and loss of immunity

Question 9

What can make ETEC infection in calves more common?

Answer 9

A younger calf

Less colostrum makes it more likely to be infected

Question 10

How does ETEC get into the GIT?

Answer 10

Ingested

Colonises the lower small intestine

Question 11

What can exacerbate ETEC infection?

Answer 11

Rotavirus

Question 12

What two factors does ETEC require to cause disease?

Answer 12

Adhesive fimbriae

Enterotoxin

Question 13

What are adhesive fimbriae?

Answer 13

Proteinaceous surface appendages that stick to epithelium

Question 14

Why is ETEC not zoonotic?

Answer 14

Colonisation factors (fimbriae) won’t allow cross colonization into other species

Question 15

What makes up the labile toxin in ETEC?

Answer 15

5 B subunits and 1 A subunit

Question 16

What is the ETEC labile toxin similar to?

Answer 16

Cholera toxin

Question 17

What does the labile toxin attach to?

Answer 17

Brush border of small intestine

Question 18

How can labile toxin be used in a vaccine?

Answer 18

Included as the body can produce antibodies

Question 19

What is released into the cytoplasm when the labile toxin binds to the cell border?

Answer 19

The A subunit

Question 20

How does the labile toxin work with ETEC?

Answer 20

Causes conversion of Gs into Gs-ADP-R

Can’t control adenylate cyclase causing an increase in cAMP

Activates Cl- channel causing a loss of Na+ and H2O into lumen

Active secretion

Question 21

What diseases are associated with the labile toxin on ETEC?

Answer 21

Metabolic acidosis

Dehydration

Electrolyte loss

Question 22

What are the two forms of the stable toxin of ETEC?

Answer 22

STa - raises intracellular guanylate cyclase

STb - action unknown

Question 23

Is the stable toxin immunogenic?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Why are faecal cultures for E. coli pointless?

Answer 24

Culture will always yield E. coli and can’t tell ETEC from normal

Question 25

How can ETEC be demonstrated?

Answer 25

Show both the toxin and the fimbriae

Question 26

What age calves does rotavirus cause disease in?

Answer 26

1-3 week olds

Question 27

Describe how rotavirus causes disease

Answer 27

Shed by cows and older calves and persists in environment Younger calves pick them up Immune status not yet developed so can't fight infection off

Question 28

Which parts of the GIT does rotavirus affect?

Answer 28

Duodenum Jejunum

Question 29

What age calves can Coronavirus cause disease in?

Answer 29

7-28 days

Question 30

What is usually coupled with rotavirus infections?

Answer 30

Coronavirus infections

Question 31

What age calves does salmonella cause in infection in?

Answer 31

Any age

Question 32

What should be done if salmonella culture is detected?

Answer 32

Report it to the local Veterinary Laboratories Agency laboratory

Question 33

What does salmonella cause in cows and what is always indicated?

Answer 33

Systemic illness Pyrexia Antibiotics always indicated

Question 34

When are clinical signs of cryptosporidium seen?

Answer 34

5-14 days old

Question 35

If a cryptosporidium problem is present what does this indicate about the farm?

Answer 35

Management problem as pathogen exists in environment for a long time

Question 36

What part of the GI tract does cryptosporidium infect?

Answer 36

Lower part of the small intestine Colon

Question 37

What does cryptosporidium cause in calves?

Answer 37

Villous atrophy causing malabsorption Results in white pasty diarrhoea

Question 38

What age does coccidiosis affect calves?

Answer 38

Slightly older weaned calves (\>3 weeks)

Question 39

What presents with coccidiosis?

Answer 39

Blood stained faeces Tenesmus

Question 40

What occurs with subclinical coccidiosis?

Answer 40

Poor growth rate Other infections as immunocomprimised

Question 41

What should be taken to diagnose cause of diarrhoea?

Answer 41

Faecal samples

Question 42

Which animals should faecal samples be taken from?

Answer 42

Healthy and affected Could be a herd problem

Question 43

What should be consider first with farm animal diarrhoea before a pathogen?

Answer 43

Dietary problem

Question 44

What should indicate the pathogen with diarrhoea in calves?

Answer 44

Age History Clinical signs

Question 45

What are the four factors that affect infection in calves?

Answer 45

Colostrum access Dystocia - difficulty birthing Competition Cow factors

Question 46

How much more likely are calves to die with an inadequte colostral status?

Answer 46

Four times

Question 47

What is needed for adequate rumen development?

Answer 47

Cake

Question 48

What is the recommended feeding rate for calf milk replacer?

Answer 48

15-20% of body weight per day

Question 49

What endoparasites cause disease in the growing animal?

Answer 49

Ostertagia Coccidia Fluke

Question 50

What nutritional diseases affect growing calves?

Answer 50

Rumen acidosis Copper deficiency

Question 51

What are some infectious diseases in growing animals?

Answer 51

Salmonella Mucosal disease

Question 52

What are some infectious causes of disease adult cow diarrhoea?

Answer 52

Johne's Disease Salmonella Coronavirus

Question 53

What is a nutritional disease causing adult cow diarrhoea?

Answer 53

Sub-acute rumen acidosis

Question 54

What are the parasitic causes of adult diarrhoea in adult cows?

Answer 54

Fluke Ostertagiosis

Question 55

What causes Johne's disease in cattle?

Answer 55

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

Question 56

What presents with the initial stages of Johne's disease?

Answer 56

Off milking Depressed

Question 57

What does Johne's disease cause in clinical cases?

Answer 57

Severe diarrhoea Weight loss

Question 58

What needs to be done to cows with Johne's disease?

Answer 58

Culled

Question 59

What may Johne's disease be involved in as a zoonosis?

Answer 59

Chron's Disease - IBD in humans

Question 60

When does Johne's disease become clinical?

Answer 60

At least 2 years old Do not really see it before 3

Question 61

How is Johne's disease spread and what percent of calves are infected within the first week of life?

Answer 61

Faecal-oral route 90% infected in first week

Question 62

What does control of Johne's disease largely rely on?

Answer 62

**Preventing young animals becoming infected** from: * Faeces * Colostrum * In utero

Question 63

What tests are done in a clinical farm animal to test for MAP?

Answer 63

ZN smear ELISA These are cheap

Question 64

What tests are done for Johne's when buying an animal?

Answer 64

PCR faecal Faecal culture More expensive