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Alimentary - Diarrhoea > Farm Animal > Flashcards

Farm Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What does tritrichomonas foetus cause in cows?

A

Abortion

Transferred to cats

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2
Q

What are the four factors involved with diarrhoea in farm animals?

A

Pathogens

Calf factors (immune system, stress)

Environment

Management

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3
Q

Why should we not always think of pathogens when judging diarrhoea in farm animals?

A

Lots of other causes - mainly dietary

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4
Q

What are some pathogens that cause calf diarrhoea?

A

E. coli

Rotavirus

Coronavirus

Cryptosporidium

Salmonella

Mixed infections

Coccidiosis

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5
Q

What bacteria is a normal inhabitant of the colon in all animals?

A

Escherichia coli

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6
Q

What three types of disease can E. coli cause?

A

Extraintestinal infection (colisepticaemia)

Enteric disease (special strains: ETEC)

Disease affecting public health (rare, special strains: STEC)

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7
Q

What can enterotoxigenic E. coli cause in calves?

A

Watery diarrhoea

Scours

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8
Q

When can E. coli cause disease in calves?

A

First 5 days

Coupled with management problems and loss of immunity

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9
Q

What can make ETEC infection in calves more common?

A

A younger calf

Less colostrum makes it more likely to be infected

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10
Q

How does ETEC get into the GIT?

A

Ingested

Colonises the lower small intestine

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11
Q

What can exacerbate ETEC infection?

A

Rotavirus

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12
Q

What two factors does ETEC require to cause disease?

A

Adhesive fimbriae

Enterotoxin

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13
Q

What are adhesive fimbriae?

A

Proteinaceous surface appendages that stick to epithelium

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14
Q

Why is ETEC not zoonotic?

A

Colonisation factors (fimbriae) won’t allow cross colonization into other species

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15
Q

What makes up the labile toxin in ETEC?

A

5 B subunits and 1 A subunit

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16
Q

What is the ETEC labile toxin similar to?

A

Cholera toxin

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17
Q

What does the labile toxin attach to?

A

Brush border of small intestine

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18
Q

How can labile toxin be used in a vaccine?

A

Included as the body can produce antibodies

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19
Q

What is released into the cytoplasm when the labile toxin binds to the cell border?

A

The A subunit

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20
Q

How does the labile toxin work with ETEC?

A

Causes conversion of Gs into Gs-ADP-R

Can’t control adenylate cyclase causing an increase in cAMP

Activates Cl- channel causing a loss of Na+ and H2O into lumen

Active secretion

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21
Q

What diseases are associated with the labile toxin on ETEC?

A

Metabolic acidosis

Dehydration

Electrolyte loss

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22
Q

What are the two forms of the stable toxin of ETEC?

A

STa - raises intracellular guanylate cyclase

STb - action unknown

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23
Q

Is the stable toxin immunogenic?

A

No

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24
Q

Why are faecal cultures for E. coli pointless?

A

Culture will always yield E. coli and can’t tell ETEC from normal

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25
Q

How can ETEC be demonstrated?

A

Show both the toxin and the fimbriae

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26
Q

What age calves does rotavirus cause disease in?

A

1-3 week olds

27
Q

Describe how rotavirus causes disease

A

Shed by cows and older calves and persists in environment

Younger calves pick them up

Immune status not yet developed so can’t fight infection off

28
Q

Which parts of the GIT does rotavirus affect?

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

29
Q

What age calves can Coronavirus cause disease in?

A

7-28 days

30
Q

What is usually coupled with rotavirus infections?

A

Coronavirus infections

31
Q

What age calves does salmonella cause in infection in?

A

Any age

32
Q

What should be done if salmonella culture is detected?

A

Report it to the local Veterinary Laboratories Agency laboratory

33
Q

What does salmonella cause in cows and what is always indicated?

A

Systemic illness

Pyrexia

Antibiotics always indicated

34
Q

When are clinical signs of cryptosporidium seen?

A

5-14 days old

35
Q

If a cryptosporidium problem is present what does this indicate about the farm?

A

Management problem as pathogen exists in environment for a long time

36
Q

What part of the GI tract does cryptosporidium infect?

A

Lower part of the small intestine

Colon

37
Q

What does cryptosporidium cause in calves?

A

Villous atrophy causing malabsorption

Results in white pasty diarrhoea

38
Q

What age does coccidiosis affect calves?

A

Slightly older weaned calves (>3 weeks)

39
Q

What presents with coccidiosis?

A

Blood stained faeces

Tenesmus

40
Q

What occurs with subclinical coccidiosis?

A

Poor growth rate

Other infections as immunocomprimised

41
Q

What should be taken to diagnose cause of diarrhoea?

A

Faecal samples

42
Q

Which animals should faecal samples be taken from?

A

Healthy and affected

Could be a herd problem

43
Q

What should be consider first with farm animal diarrhoea before a pathogen?

A

Dietary problem

44
Q

What should indicate the pathogen with diarrhoea in calves?

A

Age

History

Clinical signs

45
Q

What are the four factors that affect infection in calves?

A

Colostrum access

Dystocia - difficulty birthing

Competition

Cow factors

46
Q

How much more likely are calves to die with an inadequte colostral status?

A

Four times

47
Q

What is needed for adequate rumen development?

A

Cake

48
Q

What is the recommended feeding rate for calf milk replacer?

A

15-20% of body weight per day

49
Q

What endoparasites cause disease in the growing animal?

A

Ostertagia

Coccidia

Fluke

50
Q

What nutritional diseases affect growing calves?

A

Rumen acidosis

Copper deficiency

51
Q

What are some infectious diseases in growing animals?

A

Salmonella

Mucosal disease

52
Q

What are some infectious causes of disease adult cow diarrhoea?

A

Johne’s Disease

Salmonella

Coronavirus

53
Q

What is a nutritional disease causing adult cow diarrhoea?

A

Sub-acute rumen acidosis

54
Q

What are the parasitic causes of adult diarrhoea in adult cows?

A

Fluke

Ostertagiosis

55
Q

What causes Johne’s disease in cattle?

A

Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

56
Q

What presents with the initial stages of Johne’s disease?

A

Off milking

Depressed

57
Q

What does Johne’s disease cause in clinical cases?

A

Severe diarrhoea

Weight loss

58
Q

What needs to be done to cows with Johne’s disease?

A

Culled

59
Q

What may Johne’s disease be involved in as a zoonosis?

A

Chron’s Disease - IBD in humans

60
Q

When does Johne’s disease become clinical?

A

At least 2 years old

Do not really see it before 3

61
Q

How is Johne’s disease spread and what percent of calves are infected within the first week of life?

A

Faecal-oral route

90% infected in first week

62
Q

What does control of Johne’s disease largely rely on?

A

Preventing young animals becoming infected from:

  • Faeces
  • Colostrum
  • In utero
63
Q

What tests are done in a clinical farm animal to test for MAP?

A

ZN smear

ELISA

These are cheap

64
Q

What tests are done for Johne’s when buying an animal?

A

PCR faecal

Faecal culture

More expensive

Alimentary - Diarrhoea (3 decks)

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