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Alimentary - Vomiting and Regurgitation > Farm Animal > Flashcards

Farm Animal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the volume of the rumen?

A

180-200 litres

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2
Q

At what pH do the organisms digesting plant matter no longer function?

A

6.2 or below

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3
Q

What is the main volatile fatty acid produced by the rumen at normal pH?

A

Acetate - milk fat

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4
Q

Describe the process via which rumen acidosis occurs

A

Starch and sugar digestion causes a decrease in pH

Organisms tolerating this lower pH predominate

Propionate and butyrate are produced

At even lower pH lactate is produced leading to acidosis

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5
Q

What provides the buffering system within the rumen and how?

A

Saliva

  • 100-150l produced a day
  • Contains 3.5kg bicarbonate
  • Produced by chewing and ruminating
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6
Q

What causes acute ruminal acidosis and is it serious?

A

Sudden ingestion of large amounts of fermentable carbohydrates

  • Breaking into feed stores
  • Overfeeding of concentrates
  • Sudden lack of forage or straw bedding

Life threatening clinical emergency with a poor prognosis

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs presenting with acute ruminal acidosis?

A

Dull and recumbent

Ataxia

Anorexia

Blindness

Dehydration

Laminitis

Rumen stasis

Abdominal distension

Increased pulse

Sunken eyes

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8
Q

What is the treatment for acute ruminal acidosis?

A

5% Sodium Bicarbonate slow I/V - 5 litres per 450kg over 30 minutes

I/V fluids isotonic NaCl 150ml/kg over 6-12 hours

Oral Mg Hydroxide - 500g/450kg

Rumenotomy/Rumen lavage

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9
Q

What is SARA?

A

Sub-acute ruminal acidosis

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10
Q

Describe sub-acute ruminal acidosis

A

Ill defined herd syndrome

Low milk fat and depressed milk yields

Laminitis

Reduced appetite

Liver abscesses

Haemoptysis (coughing blood) and epistaxis caused by caudal vena cava thrombosis

High herd culling rate

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11
Q

What is almost diagnostic of chronic, sub-acute acidosis?

A

Repeated cases of epistaxis or haemoptysis within a herd

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12
Q

What changes with the clinical signs of LDA depending on severity?

A

Left flank distension changes

  • More severe it gets the more the flank becomes distended
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13
Q

What clinical signs present with ruminal bloat?

A

Distension of left flank

May present as sudden death

May appear distressed - dyspnoea

May be recumbent

May be standing quietly

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14
Q

What are the two types of ruminal bloat?

A

Frothy bloat

Gaseous bloat

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15
Q

Describe frothy bloat

A

Stable foam forms in the rumen

Gas gets trapped preventing eructation

Usually cattle on pasture caused by soluble leaf proteins

  • Legumes
  • Clovers
  • Alfalfa
  • Cereal rich diets

Can be sudden and severe leading to sudden death

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16
Q

What is the treatment for frothy bloat?

A

Remove cattle from pasture/feed source

Do not use trocar or stomach tube

Antifoaming agent/surfactant to disperse foam

Sit in sternal recumbency if cow down

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17
Q

What can be used as an antifoaming agent/surfactant?

A

Poloxalene (Bloat Guard)

Mineral oil/corn oil

Simethicone (BIRP)

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18
Q

How can frothy bloat be prevented?

A

Careful pasture management

Care using lush pastures

Consider strip grazing/buffer feeding to prevent rapid intake of lush pasture

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19
Q

What can cause gaseous bloat?

A

Excessive carbohydrate intakes

Oesophageal obstruction

Milk fever

Lateral recumbency - blocks cardia

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20
Q

How should gaseous bloat be treated?

A

Relieve gas with stomach tube/rumen puncture

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21
Q

What is the proper name for hardware disease?

A

Traumatic reticulo-peritonitis

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22
Q

Describe hardware disease

A

Metal object is eaten

Remains in reticulum

Can stay for years

Penetrates wall of reticulum causing a variety of problems

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23
Q

What problems can be caused by hardware disease?

A

Local peritonitis

Diffuse peritonitis

Pericarditis

Liver abscess

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24
Q

What are some common causes of hardware disease?

A

Wire from tyres (silage clamps)

Wire from builders/bales

Nails, screws etc.

TMR - wires can be spread to many animals at once

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25
Q

What are the clinical signs that present with hardware disease?

A

Vague with numerous presentations

Milk yield drops with reduced appetite

Increased temperature

Arching of the back

Rumen contraction rate down

Reduced reticulo-rumen movements

Jugular pulse

Splashing sounds over heart

26
Q

What are the three diagnostic tests used for hardware disease?

A

Withers pinch

Pole test

Eric Williams test

27
Q

Describe the Eric Williams test

A

Pain just before the reticulum-rumen part of the rumen cycle starts

  • Grunts
  • Holds breath
  • Shuffles feet
28
Q

What is the treatment for hardwire disease?

A

Conservative - tie animal up with feet raised

Parentral antibiotics 5-7 days

Pain relief

Rumenotomy - remove wire

Slaughter

29
Q

Which animals are left displaced abomasums more common in?

A

High producing dairy cows

Usually within 6 weeks of calving

30
Q

What are some causes of left displaced abomasum?

A

Poor management over transition period

High concentrate diet

Insufficient fibre

Diet changes made too quickly

Other diseases

Genetic factors

31
Q

What are the clinical signs presenting with left displaced abomasum?

A

Mild initially but highly variable

Drop in milk yield

Reduced or changed appetite

Cases will have raised ketone levels in blood and urine

Loss of body condition

Reduction of rumen contractions

32
Q

How can left displaced abomasum be diagnosed?

A

Pings over the whole left flank

33
Q

What is the treatment for left displaced abomasum?

A

Rolling

Roll and toggle

Right flank omentopexy

Left flank omentopexy

Right paramedian abomasopexy

34
Q

What are some other rare causes of left side pings?

A

Bloat

Rumen collapse

Vagal indigestion

Pneumoperitoneum

35
Q

Why can right displaced abomasum be a problem?

A

Twist to become abomasal torsion or volvulus leading to:

  • Acute intestinal obstruction
  • Blood supply compromised
  • Ischaemic necrosis
36
Q

What are the clinical signs of right displaced abomasum?

A

Cow sick

Shocked

Dehyrated

Pain

37
Q

What should be done to treat right displaced abomasum?

A

Surgery within hours

Slaughter on humane grounds

38
Q

Describe caecal dilation

A

Similar predisposing factors to LDA

Clinical signs similar to LDA

39
Q

How can caecal dilation be diagnosed?

A

Rectal examination

  • Caecal apex palpable coming into pelvic inlet

Ping right paralumbar fossa

40
Q

What is the treatment for caecal dilation?

A

Medical fluids and high fibre diet

Surgery if problem persists

41
Q

What is the treatment for volvulus?

A

Drain surgically

Exteriorise

Pack abdomen

Incise apex and drain

42
Q

What can cause a ping in the right paralumbar fossa?

A

Gas in spiral colon

  • Not clinically significant
43
Q

What can cause pings on the left and right side of a cow?

A

Left side

  • LDA
  • Can be other causes

Right side

  • RDA
  • Abomasal volvulus
  • Caecal dilation
  • Volvulus and gas in spiral colon
44
Q

Describe rumen collapse

A

Clinical sign rather than a disease

Occurs in cattle suffering severe inflammatory disease

Results in anorexia and shrinkage in rumen size

Large dull ping over dorsal left abdomen

Rectal examination confirms presence

45
Q

What is the treatment for rumen collapse?

A

Not surgical!

Treat primary disease

Consider fluid via stomach tube

Ensure diagnosis is correct

  • Make sure ping has been heard correctly
46
Q

What is the most common abdominal disorder of cattle in the UK?

A

Left displacement of the abomasum

47
Q

What differs between left and right displaced abomasum?

A

Left has ingesta continuing to pass through at a slower rate

Right the organ can become completely occluded

48
Q

What are some factors that may reduce abomasal motility?

A

High concentrate/low fibre rations

  • Flow of VFA increased into abomasum
  • Gives a higher risk of displacement

Periparturient disease

  • Hypocalcaemia and insulin may play a role

Genetic selection

  • Channel Island breeds
  • Deep chested Holsteins
49
Q

What are the two most common presentations of LDA?

A

High yielding cow

  • Fed too much concentrate too soon after calving

Heifer

  • Metritis following dystocia
  • Results in reduced dry matter intake
  • Exacerbated by illness and bullying
50
Q

What are the signs of left displaced abomasum?

A

Recently calved cow/heifer

Sudden onset inappetence/anorexia

Milk drop (30-50% reduction)

Scour

Rapid loss of condition

Ketosis

Depressed ruminal activity

Temperature may be normal or slightly raised

51
Q

How can left displaced abomasum be diagnosed?

A

Auscultate over upper part of last intercostal space

Listen for a ping

Once ping located always tinkle (push flank with fist or knee)

Usually develop hypochloraemic, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

Severe ketosis (Rothera’s test)

Paradoxical aciduria

52
Q

How can left displaced abomasum be treated conservatively?

A

Rolling

  • Cast cow onto right side
  • Slowly roll onto back and keep for 10 minutes
  • Gradually bring her over to lie on left side
  • Allow to stand
  • Auscultate for ping and listen for emptying noises

Combine with medical treatment

  • Buscopan Compositum
  • Metoclopramide
  • Instant Coffee
  • Potassium chloride
53
Q

What are the signs for right displaced abomasum?

A

Dilation and displacement:

  • Sudden onset anorexia
  • Milk drop
  • No rumination
  • Sprung last rib on right side
  • Initial scour followed by past faeces

Following volvulus:

  • Cessation of faecal output
  • Normal/low temperature
  • Heart rate varies
  • Dehydration
  • Normal/reduced respiratory rate
  • Cool extremities or death
54
Q

How can right sided abomasal displacement be diagnosed?

A

Ping on right hand side extending cranially to 9th intercostal space

Distended organ palpable at arm’s length on right side

Sever hypochloremic, hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

Ketosis and hypocalcaemia also present

55
Q

What are medical treatments for right displaced abomasum and when should it be used?

A

Metoclopramide and Buscopan Compositum

Only used if animals value does not warrant surgery costs

56
Q

Which animals does caecal dilation and volvulus commonly present in?

A

Cows with early lactation on a high concentrate diet or on lush pasture

57
Q

How does caecal dilatation and volvulus occur?

A

Fermentation occurs

Gas dilates the caecum

Free distal end is not suspended by mesentery

Free to rotate producing volvulus

58
Q

What are the signs of caecal dilatation and volvulus?

A

Rapid onset anorexia and milk drop

Decreased faecal output

TPR normal

Right paralumbar fossa filling

Absence of rumination

Colic

Dehydration

Elevated heart rate

59
Q

How can caecal dilatation and volvulus be diagnosed?

A

Ping in right caudal abdomen

No further foward than first three caudal rib spaces

Large distended gas filled sausage palpated filling the pelvic cavity on rectal examination

Mild metabolic alkalosis

60
Q

What is the medical treatment for caecal dilatation and volvulus?

A

Buscopan 30ml IV two doses at 12 hour intervals

Take off concentrate feed for 5-7 days

61
Q

What needs to apply for medical treatment of caecal dilatation and volvulus?

A

Normal heart rate

Anorexia with some faeces being passed

Dehydration is absent or mild

62
Q

What needs to apply for surgical treatment of caecal dilatation and volvulus?

A

Raised heart rate

Total anorexia with no faecal output

Dehydration and colic

Alimentary - Vomiting and Regurgitation (2 decks)

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