FAR Pts 119 and 135

Question 1

FAR 119.33

Answer 1

Established specific requirements that part 121 and 135 air carriers follow to obtain air carrier certificate

– 121=larger aircraft

– 135=smaller aircraft generally

•All operators comply with part 91

– Both 121 and 135 will have ops specs

Question 2

What is the purpose of OpSpecs?

Answer 2

They specify the authorizations, limitations, and certain procedures under which each type of operation must be conducted.

Question 3

Do OpSpecs need to be available to crew members?

Answer 3

Yes.
Part 119 requires the operator to insert pertinent excerpts from the Ops Specs in the General Operations Manual (GOM) for ready use by their crewmembers and other employee personnel. The Ops Specs information in an operator’s manual must pertain only to that operator’s type of operation and be written in a manner that is directly applicable to the certificate holder or operator’s crewmembers and/or other employee personnel.

The regulations also require that when Ops Specs information is incorporated into the operator’s manual, the text will clearly identify each excerpt as part of the Ops Specs and state that compliance with each Ops Spec is mandatory.

Question 4

What is the general layout of OpSpecs?

Answer 4

• Part A—General
• Part B—En Route Authorizations and Limitations
• Part C—Airplane Terminal Instrument Procedures and Airport Authorizations and Limitations
• Part D—Maintenance

Question 5

What does FAR 119.49(a) list?

Answer 5

OpSpec requirements

Question 6

119.69

Answer 6

•Required Positions under 135
– Directors of Operations
– Chief Pilot
– Director of Maintenance

Question 7

What does 91.175 say about take off and landing under IFR?

Answer 7

A lot, in short though:
Your DA/MDA is the highest of the following:
–The DH or MDA prescribed by the approach procedure
–The DH or MDA prescribed for the pilot in command*
–The DH or MDA for which the aircraft is equipped
You can’t go below the DA/MDA unless:
-The approach is normal and stabilized
-Flight vis is at or above that perscribed on the approach
-At least one specified visual reference is visible (see the reg fof the complete list)

Question 8

What are the IFR take off minimums for a pt 91 pilot? What about a Pt 135 pilot?

Answer 8

Pt 91, no mins. Use common sense
Pt. 135:
-Mins perscribed by the airport (ODP, SID, etc)
If no airport perscribed mins:
(1)For aircraft, other than helicopters, having two engines or less —1 statute mile visibility.
(2)For aircraft having more than two engines — 1/2 statute mile visibility

Question 9

135.21

Answer 9

Must have manuals that tells the FAA your procedures

– Exception of 1 pilot

Question 10

135.99(a)/.101/.105

Answer 10

Mandates 2 crew with 10 or more passenger seats, less than 10 you can fly 135 with 1 pilot if:
– Autopilot (op specs authorizes it)
– PIC must have 100 hrs in make/model
– Certificate holder applies for amendment to us autopilot and demonstrates safety
– Aircraft is not operated CAT II

Question 11

135.100

Answer 11

Sterile Cockpit
Pilots may not perform any duties during a critical phase of flight except those required for the safe operation of the aircraft.
Pilots may not permit any activity during a critical phase of flight whichcould distract any pilot from or interfere with the performance ofhis/her duties.
For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight.

Question 12

135.107

Answer 12

A flight attendant is required if the aircraft has more than 19 seats.

Question 13

Are 135 operators required to use FAA certified dispatchers?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

135.159

Answer 14

Equipment requirements: Carrying passengers under VFR at night or under VFR over-the-top conditions
The Aircraft needs to have:

• An anti-collision light system
• Instrument lights to make all instruments, switches, and gauges easily readable, the direct rays of which are shielded from the pilots’ eyes; and
• A flashlight having at least two size “D” cell batteries

Question 15

135.163

Answer 15

Equipment Requirements: Aircraft Carrying Passengers Under IFR
The Aircraft must have:
–A vertical speed indicator
–A free-air temperature indicator
–A heated pitot tube for each airspeed indicator;
–A power failure warning device or vacuum indicator to show the power available for gyroscopic instruments from each power source
–An alternate source of static pressure for the altimeter and the airspeed and vertical speed indicators
–Two independent sources of energy (with means of selecting either) of which at least one is an engine-driven pump or generator. Each energy source must be able to drive all required gyroscopic instruments powered by that particular source and installed, so that failure of one instrument or source, does not interfere with the energy supply to the remaining instruments or the other energy source.

Question 16

135.203

Answer 16

VFR: Minimum Altitudes
•Except when necessary for takeoff and landing, no person may operate under VFR:
•During the day, below 500 feet above the surface or less than 500 feet horizontally from any obstacle; or
•At night in non-mountainous terrain, at an altitude less than 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 5 miles from the course intended to be flown; or
•At night in designated mountainous terrain, less than 2,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of 5 miles from the course intended to be flown

Question 17

135.213

Answer 17

Weather Reports and Forecasts
IFR: Official source must be used
VFR: Non offical compotent source can be used

Question 18

135.217

Answer 18

IFR: Takeoff Limitations
No pilot may depart under IFR from an airport where weather conditions are at or above takeoff minimums but are below authorized IFR landing minimums unless there is an alternate airport within 1 hour’s flying time (at normal cruising speed, in still air) of the airport of departure

Question 19

135.219

Answer 19

IFR: Destination airport weather minimums
•No person may take off an aircraft under IFR unless the latest weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that weather conditions at the estimated time of arrival at the next airport of intended landing will be at or above authorized IFR landing minimums

Question 20

135.221

Answer 20

•IFR Alternate weather minimums
–1hr before/1hr after
•Ceiling will be at least 1500’ above lowest circling approach MDA
•If a circling instrument approach is not authorized for the airport, the ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest published minimum or 2,000 feet above the airport elevation, whichever is higher; and
•Visibility for that airport is forecast to be at least three miles, or two miles more than the lowest applicable visibility minimums, whichever is the greater, for the instrument approach procedure to be used at the destination airport.

Question 21

135.223

Answer 21

IFR: Alternate Airport Requirements
No pilot may fly in IFR conditions unless the aircraft carries enough fuel (considering weather reports or forecasts or any combination of them) to:
–Complete the flight to the first airport of intended landing;
–Fly from that airport to the alternate airport; and
–Fly after that for 45 minutes at normal cruising speed
An alternate airport is not required if there is a standard instrument approach procedure for the first airport of intended landing and, for at least one hour before and after the estimated time of arrival, the appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination of them, indicate that:
–The ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest circling approach MDA; or
–If a circling instrument approach is not authorized for the airport, the ceiling will be at least 1,500 feet above the lowest published minimum or 2,000 feet above the airport elevation, whichever is higher; and
–Visibility for that airport is forecast to be at least three miles, or two miles more than the lowest applicable visibility minimums, whichever is the greater, for the instrument approach procedure to be used at the destination airport.

Question 22

135.225

Answer 22

IFR: Takeoff, Approach and Landing Minimums
No pilot may begin an instrument approach procedure to an airport unless:
–That airport has a weather reporting facility operated by the U.S. National Weather Service, a source approved by U.S. National Weather Service, or a source approved by the Administrator; and
–The latest weather report issued by that weather reporting facility indicates that weather conditions are at or above the authorized IFR landing minimums for that airport.

Question 23

135.225 con’t

Answer 23

If takeoff minimums are specified for the take-off airport, a pilot may not depart under IFR when the weather conditions are less than the takeoff minimums specified for the takeoff airport or in the certificate holder’s operations specifications.
At airports where straight-in instrument approach procedures are authorized, a pilot may depart under IFR when the weather conditions reported by the facility are equal to or better than the lowest straight-in landing minimums, unless otherwise restricted, if:
–The wind direction and velocity at the time of takeoff are such that a straight-in instrument approach can be made to the runway served by the instrument approach

–The associated ground facilities upon which the landing minimums are predicated and the related airborne equipment are in normal operation; and

–The certificate holder has been approved for such operations (see Ops Specs)

Question 24

135.243

Answer 24

PIC Qualifications
– ATP if 10 seats or more or Commuter Operation
– IFR:
•Commercial Certificate
•1200 TT
•500 CC
•100 night
•75 actual/simulated (50 actual required)

Question 25

135.263/.265/.267

Answer 25

Flight Time Limitations
– 1200 calendar year
– 120 hrs a month
– 34 hrs in 7 consecutive days
– 8 hrs during 24 consecutive hrs

Question 26

135.101

Answer 26

Second in command required under IFR
Except as provided in §135.105, no person may operate an aircraft carrying passengers under IFR unless there is a second in command in the aircraft.

Question 27

135.105

Answer 27

Exception to Second in Command Requirement: Approval for Use of Autopilot System
•Unless two pilots are required by this chapter for operations under VFR, a person may operate an aircraft without a SIC if it is equipped with an operative and approved autopilot system.
•The autopilot must be capable of operating the aircraft controls to maintain flight and maneuver it about the three axes.
•No person may serve as a PIC under IFR in a passenger-carrying operation without an SIC unless that person has at least 100 hours PIC flight time in the make and model of aircraft to be flown and has met all other applicable requirements of this part.