FAR CPA Lessons 1-18 Flashcards
Define - GAAP
The rules of financial reporting for business enterprises. GAAP are also called accounting standards.
What are the 3 aspects of financial reporting?
- Recognition
- Measurement
- Disclosure
Explain Recognition
A recognized item is recorded in an accout and ultimately affects the financial statements
Explain Measurement
Concerns the dollar amount assigned to an item
Explain Disclosure
Many unrecognized amounts are reported in the footnotes to complete the portrayal of the firm’s financial position and performance
Identify the major organizations in the U.S. accounting standards
- Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
- Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
- American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
- Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF)
- Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC)
- FASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF)
What is the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)
The private sector standard setting board in the United States - Establishes financial accounting standards for business entities. The FASB is an independent body, subject only to the FAF.
What is the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The federal government agency that administers the securities laws of the United States. Has the authority to penalize firms when financial statements do not comply with GAAP.
What are registrants
Firms that register with the SEC
What is the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)
The national professional organization for practicing CPAs which provides members with resources, information and leadership
What are the 3 parts of the current accounting standard-setting mechanisms?
- FASB
- FAF (Financial Accounting Foundation)
- FASAC (Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council
What is the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF)
They appoint members of the FASB and it’s advisory councils, ensure FASB’s funding and oversee FASB
What is the Financial Accounting Stanadard Advisory Council (FASAC)?
Provides guidance on major policy issues, project priorities and the formation fo task forces
Mission of FASB
- Improve the usefulness of financial reporting
- Maintain current accounting standards
- Promptly address deficiencies in accounting standards
- Promote international convergence of accounting standards
- Improve the common understanding of the nature and purposes of information in financial reports.
What is FASB’s Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF)
Formed to consider emerging reporting issue and to accelerate the process of establishing rulings on such issues - if a consensus of 15 members is reached the issue does not go to FASB
How does FASB issue an amendment?
By releasing an accounting standards update
Which group writes GAAP
FASB
Components of external financial reports
- Income Statement
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Balance Sheet
- Statement of Changes in Owner’s Equity
- Statement of Cash Flows
- Footnote disclosures and supplementary schedules
- Auditor’s Opinions
Define The Accounting Standards Codification (ASC)
The compilation and organization of all GAAP sources
Is GAAP accrual based or cash based?
Accrual Based
Define accrual based accounting
Recognizes and reports the economic activities of the firm in the period the activity was incurred, regardless of when the cash activity takes place
a debit _____ an asset account
increases
Prepaid expenses is a(n) _______ account
asset account
cash out is a ______ and cash in is a _____
credit; debit
a credit _____ a liability account
increases
a debit ______ an expense account
increases
a debit ______ a revenue account
decreases
What is the Accounting Standard Codification
The compilation of authoritative U.S. GAAP principles for nongovernmental entities
**The Codification is the sole source of U.S. GAAP, for nongovernmental entities.
FASB codification does not include?
- Cash Basis
- Other comprehensive basis of account
- Income tax basis
- Regulatory account principles
Define Replacement cost
The amount of cash or its equivalent that would have to be paid if the same or equivalent assets were acquired currently
Describe the goals and purpose of the Codification.
The online, real-time database by which users access the Codification.
- Simplify the structure and accessibility of authoritative GAAP.
- Provide all authoritative literature in a single location.
- Reduce the time and effort required to research an accounting issue.
- Reduce the risk of noncompliance with GAAP.
- Facilitate updating of accounting standards.
- Assist the FASB with research and convergence (IFRS) efforts.
Illustrate how you would research using the Codification.
- Browse the structure (illustrated above) in the menu provided.
- Search by key word(s); this mode allows narrowing of a search both by related term and by major area within the Codification structure.
- Enter the specific Codification location (using the numerical system within the Codification); this is designed for users who know their topic and section of interest.
- Search by previous GAAP standard number (e.g., by FAS 13).
List the 9 areas of the codification
- General principles (100)
- Presentation (200)
- Assets (300)
- Liabilities (400)
- Equity (500)
- Revenue (600)
- Expenses (700)
- Broad transactions (800) (
- Industry (900)
List the 9 areas of the codification
- General principles (100)
- Presentation (200)
- Assets (300)
- Liabilities (400)
- Equity (500)
- Revenue (600)
- Expenses (700)
- Broad transactions (800)
- Industry (900)
Describe the objective of financial reporting.
To provide information about the entity useful to current and future investors and creditors in making decisions as capital providers.
Describe the qualitative characteristics of accounting information.
Relevance and faithful representation:
-For information to be useful for decision-making, it must be both relevant and a faithful representation of the economic phenomena that it represents.
Define Conceptual Framework
Guides the standard setting process so that GAAP is cohesive and internally consistent
Is based on the overriding objective of financial reporting, which is decision useful
What is included in relevance?
- Predictive Value
- Confirmatory Value
- Materiality
What is included in faithful representation?
- Completeness
- Neutrality
- Understand-ability
Define Relevance
Information is relevant if it makes a difference to decision makers in their role as capital providers.
Define Predictive Value
Information has predictive value if it assists capital providers in forming expectations about future events.
Define Confirmatory value
Information has confirmatory value if it confirms or changes past (or present) expectations based on previous evaluations.
Define Materiality
Information that is material will impact a user’s decision.
Define Faithful representation
Information faithfully represents an economic condition or situation when the reported measure and the condition or situation are in agreement.
Define Completeness
Information is complete if it includes all data necessary to be faithfully representative.
Define Neutral
Information is neutral when it is free from any bias intended to attain a prespecified result, or to encourage or discourage certain behavior.
Define Free from Error
Information is free from error if there are no omissions or errors.
Define Enhancing Characteristics
These are complementary to the primary characteristics and enhance the decision usefulness of financial reporting information that is relevant and faithfully represented.
Define Comparability
The quality of information that enables users to identify similarities and differences between sets of information.