family (week 11) Flashcards
what are the functions of the family?
- family is a primary agent of socialization
- family is a social institution (has patterns of beliefs, behaviours, and relationships that help to order society, therefore, keeping society stable)
- family is a unifying institution involving co-operation and care
what are the different marriage patterns?
endogamy: marriages that take place within the confines of a particular group (e.g. marrying within religious group or social class)
* allows you to maintain social position
* people tend to marry within osical class therefore most marriages are endogamous
exogamy: marriages between people of different social categories (e.g. mixed race or interabled marriages)
* links communities and builds alliances
what is monogamy?
marriage that unifies two partners
what is polygamy?
marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
what are the types of polygamy?
polygyny: marriage that united one man with two or more women
polyandry: marriage that united one woman with two or more men
how is family constructed?
kin based ties: marriage, ancestry, adopting
fictive kin ties: don’t have kin ties but have critical role in life (found family)
- family size has been shrinking over past 50 years
what is the difference between extended and nuclear family?
extended family: consanguinal group - related by blood
nuclear family: conjugal group - bonded by marriage
what is the double burden of women
women work both outside and inside the family
* are paid lower wages than men and are unpaid for household labour
what are the gender roles of women and trends in canada?
- women do more indoor labour and men do more outdoor
- more than 1/3 of couples report women primarily performing child-care tasks
- mediated by education (education = more equal division of labour
- couples without children divide tasks more equally
- women pas 80 cents to the dollar
what is the gender imbalence in parental leave
both parents may be able to take parental leave
* 90% of mothers take leave while only 125 of fathers do
* there are organizational and structural barriers such as income considereations, eligibility calculations, gender consrtuctions of masculinity
when was gay marriage legalized?
legalized in 2005
* roughly 900000 (3.2%) of pop in 2021 in LGB
* there was an initial burst in gay marriage after legalization but not marriage rates are lower than heterosexual
* are less likely to have children
how are queer families impacted by gender roles?
queer families still face same rhythms of family life as heterosexual couples
* without children duties are divided more equally
* with children family begins to divide tasks as heterosexual couples
still fall into socialized gender roles
* E.g., gay men with more income will do less household tasks; birth mothers will see slight pay decrease, perform more child-care task
what is annette lareau’s view on child rearing?
she wrote book “unequal childhoods”
* economic position in society is tied to idfferences in cultural logics of parenting
* culural logics: differences in parenting approach that leads to different advantages for children (e.g. nurturing vs avoidance)
what are the two perspectives on parenting>
- conerted cultiavtion (middle class)
* Parental role is to develop the child- make sure they have lots of experiences (Lots of organizational activities)
* Children develop sense of entitlement in institutional settings; they learn to question adults and treat them as equals - expect individualized treatment
* Children develop skills that are valuable in future when entering world of work - prepping to become bosses - Accomplishment and natural growth (working class/poor)
* Parents do not consider concerted development (and activities) essential aspect of good parenting
* Set clear boundaries between adults & children - setting diresctives more than persuading children with reasoning
* Children have more control over their leisure activities- long stretches of leisure time, child- initiated play (playing outside, seeing close kin)
* This logic is out of step with standards of social institutions - WC/poor gain sense of distance, distrust & constraint in INST experiences
how has the family changed?
- The make-up and behaviors of Canadian families has changed.
- Marriage and divorce rates are more difficult to define. (Stats Canada no longer tracks marriage and divorce rates)
- In ontario - living together for 3 years is common law and get to reap some benefits but not same benefits if married
what is happening to marriage rate?
marriage rate is decreasing and cohabitation is rising
* Despite the decline married couples still make up the predominant family structure in Canada
* Crude marriage rate: number of marriages that occur in a given per 1000 people - have fluctuated over the yeards
* Few marriages does not mean fewer couples
* Canadians adults in a common law unions grew over 3% between 1998-2018
what is causing the increase in multigenerational households?
multigenerational households (two or more adult generations in one house) are increasing faster than all other family types
* Some estimates have the increase at about 50% since 2001
1. Population Age: Aging demographic
* People are living longer and this coupled with advances in tech, price/availability of long-term care = some are having parents move in with them.
1. Cultural Context: Patterns more acute in indigenous and immigrant groups
* South Asian immigrants
* Housing availability and affordability, overlap in cultural views
why is the age of first marriage rising?
The average age of first marriage in canada has risen steadily since the 1970s but it was not until the 90s that this really increased
* 49% men and 40% women are over the age of 30 at first marriage
WHY?
* economic stability
* religious/demographic shifts
* threat of divorce
* having other priorities that take precedence
* changes in gender roles and norms
what has happened to the number of children per women?
number of children per family has dropped below replacement rate!!
* Total fertility rate: avg number of children that a cohort of women between ages 15-49 will have
* Replacement rate: number of children yhat the avg women must bear if the overall pop is to continue at same level *2.1 children must be born for every woman in a population aged 15-49 for population to hold constant
- 50 years since Canada has had a total fertility rate above the replacement rate
- National fertility rate below replacement rate? = immigration
