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Counseling Comps > Family Therapy Theories > Flashcards

Family Therapy Theories Flashcards

1
Q

BOWENIAN/SYSTEMS Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Murray Bowen
  • Michael Kerr
  • Monica McGoldrick
  • Edwin H. Friedman
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2
Q

BOWENIAN/SYSTEMS Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Theory and Therapy are one in the same
  • There is chronic anxiety in living
  • More highly differentiated persons recover emotional equilibrium faster following stress
  • 8 Basic Concepts
    • Differentiation of self
    • Nuclear Family emotional
      process
    • Multigenerational
      transmission process
    • Family projection
    • Triangles
    • Cutoffs
    • Sibling position
    • Emotional process in
      society
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3
Q

BOWENIAN/SYSTEMS Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Genograms
  • Going Home Again
  • Detriangulation
  • Person-to-Person relationships (dyads)
  • Differentiation of self
  • Asking questions
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4
Q

BOWENIAN/SYSTEMS Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Teacher, coach, and/or expert
  • Lead cognitively, not emotionally
  • Study (cognitive) cues to understanding
  • Family members talk through the therapist

-The therapist has a calm presence, has differentiation from his/her family of origin, and is objective and neutral

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5
Q

BOWENIAN/SYSTEMS Family Therapy

Process and Outcome

A
  • Successful treatment will yield family members who understand intergenerational patterns and gain insight into historical events
  • New focus on changing intergenerational influences currently operating in the family
  • Changes are facilitated with improved differentiation
  • Clarify fusion and unconscious patterns
  • Chief focus of change unit is on individual or couple; whole family may not be seen together
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6
Q

BOWENIAN/SYSTEMS Family Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • Focuses on history, patterns, and correction of those patterns
  • Systemic in focus
  • Considered the most comprehensive theory of family therapy applied to individual counseling
  • Has been criticized for being too male-oriented or politically conservative
  • Can be costly and/or time-consuming
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7
Q

EXPERIENTIAL Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Carl Whitaker

- Virginia Satir

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8
Q

EXPERIENTIAL Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Family members are not aware of their own emotions, or family members suppress their own emotions
  • Emotionlessness is symptom representation
  • Emphasize sensitivity and expression of feelings
  • Action, here-and-now approach to accessing feelings
  • Humanistic and phenomenological
  • Attachment theory is important to this family therapy
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9
Q

EXPERIENTIAL Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Whitaker: redefine symptoms as efforts for growth, model fantasy alternatives for real-life stress, augment despair of family member, etc. (few)
  • Satir: structured techniques such as “I” messages, sculpting, etc.
  • Other: play therapy, family drawing, puppet interviews, etc.
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10
Q

EXPERIENTIAL Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Active participant (a whole person) – not teacher/director
  • User of absurd techniques
  • Facilitator and resource person
  • Assist family members in discovering their individuality
  • Promoter for change
  • Stimulator of experiences
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11
Q

EXPERIENTIAL Family Therapy

Process and Outcome

A
  • Family members become more aware of their feelings
  • Family members are more capable of autonomy and real intimacy
  • Whitaker: 3 phases of therapy are engagement, involvement, and disentanglement
  • Satir: 3 phases of intervention are make contact, chaos, and integration
  • Counselor wins the battle for structure, client wins the battle for initiative
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12
Q

EXPERIENTIAL Family Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • Emphasizes training programs set up to help others
  • Emphasis on research, Satir’s and Guerney’s research specifically
  • Treatment length varies, but can be short-term (direct)
  • Too dependent on charismatic counselors
  • Focus on the present, not past
  • Promote individual growth and interpersonal change, not family growth
  • Emphasis on feelings
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13
Q

SOLUTION-FOCUSED Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Steve deShazer

- Insoo Kim Berg

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14
Q

SOLUTION-FOCUSED Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Social constructionism; knowledge is time and culture bound
  • Dysfunctional families get stuck in dealing with problems, relying on patterns that do not work
  • Identifying a problem is key/treating the problem
  • Not so much focus on family history
  • Small amounts of change are necessary
  • If it’s not broken, don’t fix it.
  • Do more of what works.
  • Do not do more of what does not work.
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15
Q

SOLUTION-FOCUSED Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Co-create a problem
  • Miracle question, hypothetical solution
  • Exceptions
  • Scaling
  • Second-order (qualitative change)
  • Compliment
  • Clue
  • Skeleton Keys
  • deShazer’s 5 interventions
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16
Q

SOLUTION-FOCUSED Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Deal with families as either visitors, complainants, or customers
  • Respect, rapport, challenge them to find exceptions to complaints
  • Co-create problems, compliment
  • Facilitator of change
  • Effective with language/pre-suppositional questions
  • Mapper of solutions together with family
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17
Q

SOLUTION-FOCUSED Family Therapy

Process and Outcome

A
  • Seek solutions
  • Tap inner resources
  • Emphasizes expectation that change will occur
  • Presupposes families as cooperative
  • Change is inevitable
  • Future-oriented
  • Optimism-oriented
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18
Q

SOLUTION-FOCUSED Family Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • Family’s own theory is the best theory to follow
  • Define problems and needed change precisely and clearly
  • Focus is on change, not understanding the family’s history
  • Do something different, imagine a future, imagine when symptoms do not occur
  • Keep focus small
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19
Q

NARRATIVE Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Michael White

- David Epston

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20
Q

NARRATIVE Family Therapy

Premise

A
  • Non-systemic approach that is post-modernistic and socially constructivistic
  • Drawn heavily from literature, anthropology, and critical theory
  • Empower client-families to develop their own unique and alternative stories about themselves, hoping they can come up with novel options and strategies for living
  • Externalization of the problem (difficulties are externalized)
  • Lived experiences become narratives
  • Task is to co-construct an alternative storyline
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21
Q

NARRATIVE Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • More process-oriented
  • Externalization of the problem
  • Influence of the problem on the person
  • Raising dilemmas
  • Predicting setbacks
  • Celebrations and certificates
  • Using exceptions questions and significance questions
  • Letters
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22
Q

NARRATIVE Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Collaborator
  • Non-expert
  • Influential but de-centered
  • Symptoms are not seen as a function for families, but problems are seen as oppressive
  • Co-author or editorial assistant
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23
Q

NARRATIVE Family Therapy

Process and Outcomes

A
  • Families are taught to value experiences and stories
  • Consists of three phases: deconstructing the dominant cultural narrative, externalizing the problem, and re-authoring the story
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24
Q

NARRATIVE Family Therapy

Uniques Aspects

A
  • Based on post-modern, social constructionist points of view
  • Most intellectual of all of the family therapies, along with SFT
  • Focus on exceptions to the problem, rather than the actual problem
  • Expecting setbacks/predicting obstacles
  • Letters being sent to families about progress
25
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Watson
  • Pavlov
  • Skinner
  • Wolpe
  • Bandera
  • Patterson
26
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Premises

A

Irrational beliefs maintain maladaptive behaviors so the goal is to create new thought patterns

27
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Extinction
  • Modeling
  • Role playing
  • Thought stopping
28
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Expert
  • Teacher
  • Coach
  • Designer
29
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Process and Outcomes

A

Change the cognitions which will lead to an increase of positive behaviors and a decrease of negative behaviors which will lower anxiety

30
Q

COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • Well researched and supported by empirical data
  • Short term therapy
  • Rejects medical model
31
Q

EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Sue Johnson
  • Les Greenberg
  • Based on John Bowlby’s Attachment theory
32
Q

EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED Therapy

Premises

A
  • Secure attachment is related to: higher self-esteem, internal locus of control, extroversion, and openness to experience.
  • EFT strives to develop more secure attachment styles in couples through the use of emotions as a “positive force for change.”
  • Emotion is the music of the attachment dance.
33
Q

EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Focus on disclosure of emotions.
  • Therapist probes and asks partners to acknowledge immediate feelings.
  • Explore perceptions that underlie emotional responses.
  • Express and release emotions.
  • Develop empathy and attachment.
  • Psychodrama, Empty Chair technique
  • Develop new cycles of safe emotional connection and go to deeper feelings
34
Q

EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Provide a safe environment for the release of positive and negative emotions.
  • Encourage emotional expression, protect the couple as individuals and partners.
35
Q

EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED Therapy

Process and Outcome

A

Three stage Interaction process with nine steps.
Stage 1 - Cycle De-escalation (steps 1-4)
Stage 2 Restructuring interactional positions (steps 5-7)
Stage 3 Consolidation/Integration (Steps 8,9)

36
Q

EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • Strong empirical base.
  • Process-research oriented and focuses on key elements of change.
  • In sync with Gottman’s research on the importance of positive and negative interaction ratios.
  • Appropriate to use with couples from all backgrounds.
37
Q

STRUCTURAL Family Therapy

Theorists

A

Salvador Minuchin is the founder of the theory.

38
Q

STRUCTURAL Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Every family has a family structure.
  • Developmental or situational events increase family stress, rigidity, chaos, and dysfunctionality throwing the family into crisis.
  • A person’s symptoms are best understood as rooted in the context of family transaction patterns. The family is seen as the client.
  • Subsystems are formed when family members join together to form various functions.
  • Boundaries are the physical and psychological factors that separate people from one another and organize them.
39
Q

STRUCTURAL Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Techniques are designed to address dysfunctional sets. Dysfunctional sets are the family reactions, developed in response to stress, that are repeated without modification whenever there is family conflict.
  • The techniques are divided into those “that are primarily used in the formation of a therapeutic system.”
  • They are aimed at provoking disequilibrium and change.
     Joining-the therapist adjusts to the communication style and perceptions of the family members. The family is joined through tracking, mimesis, confirmation, and accommodation.
     Disequilibrium Techniques-reframing, punctuation, unbalancing, enactment, working with spontaneous interaction, boundary making, intensity, restructuring, shaping competence, diagnosing, and adding cognitive constructions.
40
Q

STRUCTURAL Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • The therapist is both an observer and an expert who is active, like a theater director, in making interventions to modify and change the underlying structure of the family.
  • In the first phase of treatment, the therapist joins the family and takes a leadership position.
  • In phase two the therapist mentally maps out the family’s underlying structure. In the last phase the therapist helps the clients transform the family structure.
41
Q

STRUCTURAL Family Therapy

Process and Outcomes

A
  • The process is gradual but steady.
  • When it is successful, the approach results in symptom resolution and structural changes.
  • Family members are given homework in addition to what is done in therapy.
42
Q

STRUCTURAL Family Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • It is versatile.
  • It emphasis on terminology and ease of application.
  • It helped make family therapy as a whole acceptable to medicine in general and psychiatry in particular.
  • It emphasizes symptom removal and reorganization of the family.
  • Its pragmatic and problem solving.
43
Q

BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • The initial work was conducted by Gerald Patterson and John Reid.
  • Neil Jacobson, John Gottman also was major theorist in this type of therapy.
44
Q

BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Behavior is maintained by its consequences and will continue unless more rewarding consequences result from new behaviors.
  • Maladaptive behaviors, and not underlying causes, should be targets of change.
  • Not everyone in the family has to be treated in order for change to occur.
  • Does not have an emphasis on the importance of “family rules and patterned communication processes, and as well as a functional approach to outcome”
  • Stresses the rewards and costs of relationships in family life according to a behavioral economy.
45
Q

BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Focuses on parent training, interpersonal family functioning, treatment of sexual dysfunctions, and working with the family as the whole.
  • Bring out behavioral changes by modifying the antecedents or consequences of an action
  • Modify the consequences
  • Emphasis on eliminating undesirable behavior and acceleration of positive behavior
  • Teaching social skills
  • Promoting competence and fostering and understanding of the dynamics of behavior
46
Q

BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Therapist is the teacher, collaborator, coach, and an expert
  • Modeling is an excellent technique and give corrective feedback
  • Use of the Anatomy of Intervention Model that delineates five phases in therapy-introduction, assessment, motivation, behavior change and termination
47
Q

BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Process and Outcomes

A
  • Family members learn to modify, change, or increase/decrease certain behaviors and or thought.
  • Increase skills in specific areas such as parenting, interpersonal functioning, and sexual behaviors
  • Family member will be able to modify their behaviors without the therapist
48
Q

BEHAVIORAL Family Therapy

Unique Aspects

A
  • Utilizes learning theory and research
  • Continued evolution on familial skills to focusing on the family as a system
  • Teaching new social skills
  • Treatment is short term
  • The theory rejects the medical model of abnormal behavior
49
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • Ackerman, Boszmornenyi
  • Nagy, Framo
  • A “good enough mother”
  • A catalyst stirring up interaction in family
50
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Interlocking pathology,
  • Object relations theory
    “the past is active in the present”
  • Change is hard work and takes lots of time.
51
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC Family Therapy

Techniques

A
  • Transference
  • Dream and daydream analysis
  • Confrontation
  • Focusing on strengths
52
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Differentiation from other family members.

- Opting for crisis resolution if differentiation not possible.

53
Q

PSYCHODYNAMIC Family Therapy

Process and Outcome

A
  • More linear than some approaches; focuses on cause and effect.
  • Requires heavy time and financial commitment, above average intellectual ability, and lacks empirical research.
54
Q

STRATEGIC Family Therapy

Theorists

A
  • M. Erickson
  • J. Haley
  • Cloe Madanes.
55
Q

STRATEGIC Family Therapy

Premises

A
  • Emphasizes short-term therapy/ 10 sessions
  • Evaluates what has been tried, and different solutions are tried.
  • Nonverbal msgs, prescribing the symptoms.
56
Q

STRATEGIC Family Therapy

Techniques

A

Reframing, directives, paradox, ordeals – helping client give up behaviors that are difficult to maintain, pretend, positioning – acceptance/exaggeration of fam members statements

57
Q

STRATEGIC Family Therapy

Role of Therapist

A
  • Helped to resolve and remove agreed-on problem
  • defining problem clearly, investigating prev solutions, defining concrete change, implementing strategy
  • emphasis on process, not content.
58
Q

STRATEGIC Family Therapy

Process and Outcomes

A
  • Flexible for variety of fams; Possibility of change at indiv, dyad, systemic levels.
  • Focus is only on one problem; seen as too mechanical
  • requires exp therapist; number of sessions could limit process.

Counseling Comps (8 decks)

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