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Sociology (Family & Households) > Family Diversity > Flashcards

Family Diversity Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of different family types

A
  • nuclear
  • beanpole
  • blended
  • reconstituted
  • adopted
  • lone parent
  • Living Apart Together
  • Living Together Apart
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2
Q

What are the different factors to consider when referring to diversity?

A

+ family structure
+ family size
+ roles
+ sexuality
+ quality of life
+ culture & ethnicity
+ how they are formed
+ relationships between members

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3
Q

What did Functionalist Parsons believe about family diversity?

A

There is a ‘Functional Fit’ between society and the family

  • when society changes significantly the family changes to ‘fit’ with this
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4
Q

What did New Right thinkers such as Murray believe about family diversity?

+Why?

A
  • criticised family diversity
  • advocate for nuclear family
  • dislike lone parent families, cohabitation and same-sex marriage

+ limit role models and correct socialisation
+ lead to a ‘culture of dependency’
+ more likely to split up if not married)

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5
Q

What did Benson claim about family diversity?

A
  • analysed data of parents of 15,000 babies
  • cohabiting couples 5x more likely to break up than married couples
  • government need to encourage people to get married
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6
Q

How is the New Right’s view on family diversity criticised?

A
  • traditional values & roles outdated
  • not all lone parent families are welfare dependent
  • cohabitation acts as a trial marriage for many (decreasing divorce)
  • No evidence that children from SPF will become delinquent
  • poverty breaks up families not cohabitation (Smart)
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7
Q

What does Chester claim about family diversity?

+ what is the Neo-Conventional family?

A
  • nuclear family still ideal
  • family diversity increase is not relevant
  • important change is move from traditional to conventional nuclear family

+ dual-earner family
+ similar to symmetrical family

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8
Q

What evidence is there to support & criticise Chester’s claims about family diversity?

A

+ very high re-marriage rate
+ most marriages continue until death
+ most live in household headed by married couple
+ births outside marriage increased but most jointly registered

  • homosexual marriage now legal & more accepted
  • immigration brought a wide range of beliefs
  • marriage rates steadily declined
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9
Q

What is the postmodernist view on family diversity?

A

1) Diversity & Fragmentation
- people can pick n mix their identities and lifestyles e.g religion, gender etc

2) Rapid Social Change
- life is less predictable and is more unstable
- harder to make generalisations about the family

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10
Q

What do the Rapoports claim about family diversity?

A

+ moved away from traditional nuclear family
+ families have adapted to a pluralistic society
+ positive as it reflects greater choice & acceptance
+ response to diff needs

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11
Q

What are the 5 types of family diversity in Britain today?

A

1) Organisational Diversity
2) Cultural Diversity
3) Social-Class Diversity
4) Life-stage Diversity
5) Generational Diversity

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12
Q

What is:

1) Organisational Diversity?

2) Cultural Diversity?

3) Social-Class Diversity?

+ examples

A

1) differences in the ways families are structured e.g dual or single wage earner

2) different racial, religious and ethnic groups have diff family structures e.g higher proportion of female headed African-Caribbean households

3) differences in structure & childrearing practices due to income differences

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13
Q

What is:

4) Life-Stage Diversity?

5) Generational Diversity?

+ examples

A

4) different family structures according to stage in life-cycle e.g retired vs newlyweds

5) Older & younger cohorts have diff attitudes and experiences e.g morality of divorce

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14
Q

What are Stacey’s views on family diversity?

+ the creation of what type of family has this led to?

A
  • Greater freedom and choice have allowed women to free themselves from patriarchal oppression
  • Shape their family arrangements to suit their needs

+ divorce-extended family

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15
Q

What is Individualisation Thesis?

+ which sociologists believe in this?

A
  • Individuals today have become freed from traditional roles & structures.
  • More freedom to choose how we lead our lives
  • Class, gender etc less important

+ Giddens’ & Beck

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16
Q

What is Life-Course Analysis?

+ which sociologists believed in this?

A

research method which uses unstructured interviews.Explores the meanings individual family members give to the relationships they have and their choices

+ Hareven

17
Q

What does Giddens believe about family diversity?

+ what is a pure relationship

A

choice has transformed family:
- contraception has allowed sex & intimacy without reproduction
- women have gained independence via feminism & greater opportunities

Couples can define their relationship and not do traditional roles

+ intimate relationships based on individual choice and equality
+ couple stays together due to love not duty
+ less stable

17
Q

What did Giddens believe about same-sex couples and family diversity?

A

They are pioneers for more democratic and equal relationships as they are not based on tradition

18
Q

What is Beck’s view on the negotiated family & society?

+ What is the zombie family?

A
  • a family which does not conform to traditional family norms but varies according to the wishes and expectations of its members
  • we live in a ‘risk-society’

+ a family which appears to be alive but in reality is dead
+ family is unstable so cannot provide security

19
Q

What is Smart & May’s Personal Life perspective on family diversity?

A

Criticise Individualisation Thesis:
- exaggerates choice (bound by norms)
- people aren’t ‘free floating’ independent individuals
- ignores importance if structural factors in limiting & shaping choice (e.g class)

(structures are not disappearing but being reshaped)

20
Q

What is the connectedness thesis?

+ what influences our choices and range of options in relationships?

A

we are fundamentally social beings whose choices are made within a ‘web of connectedness’

  • existing relationships and personal histories
21
Q

Which 2 factors have helped to create greater ethnic diversity?

+ key findings about ethnic differences in family patterns

A

1) Immigration
2) Globalisation

+ Asian & Asian British most likely to marry
+ White couples most likely to cohabit
+ Black & Black British most likely to be lone parents

22
Q

How does the family affect ethnic identity?

+ examples

(How can this idea be evaluated?)

A

It is an agent of socialisation and is the first experience of being proud of ethnic identity

+ Muslim, Hindu & Sikh teenagers often have diff attitude towards marriage
+ Sikhs often live in horizontal extended families

(- attitudes differ within ethnic minorities
- class and gender differ experiences)

23
Q

What are 2 possible reasons for Black African/Caribbean people having a higher proportion of lone-parent households?

+ what did Reynolds think about this?

A

1) Family disorganization traced back to slavery
2) High unemployment rates among black males

+ rejected idea that these families have no ‘father-figure’
+ greater diversity of family types based upon cultural traditions of Caribbean islands (e.g Nuc fam common in Barbados)
+ lone parents may be in visiting relationships

24
Q

What is a visiting relationship?

+ what are matrifocal families?

A

family headed by a female who has a male partner who plays a full and active role in the family when he is in the family home

+ families led by and centred on females

25
Q

Why do visiting relationships not fit into statistics about family diversity?
(what are they a step towards?)

+ what evidence is there to support this?

+ how may we evaluate this?

A
  • They do not conform to ‘Western’ ideas about relationships
  • Don’t fit into definitions of households as not cohabitation or lone parent
    (common-law or nuclear families)

+ Barrow suggests 3 typical forms of family: nuclear, common-law and mother households

+ Berthold suggested black Caribbean families are most adaptive to change (48% of BC males in mixed-ethnicity partnership)

Sociology (Family & Households) (4 decks)

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